Furfural

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    98-01-1

    Molecular formula
    C5H4O2

    SMILES
    C1=COC(=C1)C=O

    Safety labels

    Acute Toxic
    Acute Toxic

    Health Hazard
    Health

    Retention indicies (RI)

    • DB5: 829.2
    • Carbowax: 1462.14

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Sweet 86.37%
    Caramellic 72.85%
    Spicy 70.44%
    Nutty 62.73%
    Almond 57.43%
    Woody 56.23%
    Burnt 47.13%
    Cinnamon 44.79%
    Coffee 42.03%
    Phenolic 38.67%

     

    Flavor
    Sweet 73.17%
    Almond 65.98%
    Woody 62.4%
    Caramel 50.21%
    Bread 41.15%
    Spice 30.63%
    Balsam 30.46%
    Baked 29.77%
    Sulfur 29.5%
    Balsamic 28.94%

     

    Odor impact est.
    High

    Odor threshold

    • Odor Threshold Low: 0.07 [mmHg]
    • Detection in water: 3.00X10+3 ppb (gas chromatically pure)
    • 0.0240 mg/cu m (odor low) 20.0 mg/cu m (odor high)
    • Recognition/human odor perception: 1.0 mg/cu m

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    0.4

    pKa est.
    5.37 (weak acid)

    Molecular weight
    96.08 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Very fast

    Melting point expt.

    • -33.7 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • -38.1 °C
    • -37 °C
    • -36.5 °C
    • -34 °F

    Boiling point

    • 323.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
    • 161.7 °C
    • 161.00 to 162.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
    • 162 °C
    • 323 °F

    Flash point

    • 41.77 ˚C est.
    • 140 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 60 °C, closed cup
    • 60 °C (140 °F) (Closed cup)
    • 60 °C c.c.
    • 140 °F

    Solubility expt.

    • 50 to 100 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • Soluble in alcohol, ether; 8.3% soluble in water at 20 °C
    • Soluble in benzene, chloroform; very soluble in ethanol, acetone; miscible with ethyl ether
    • In water, 7.41X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C
    • 74.1 mg/mL at 25 °C
    • Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 8.3
    • soluble in water; soluble in oils
    • miscible (in ethanol)
    • 8%

  • Synonyms

    • FURFURAL
    • 2-Furaldehyde
    • furan-2-carbaldehyde
    • 98-01-1
    • 2-Furancarboxaldehyde
    • Furaldehyde
    • Furfuraldehyde
    • Fural
    • 2-Formylfuran
    • 2-Furanaldehyde
    • 2-Furancarbonal
    • Furancarbonal
    • Furfurole
    • 2-Furfural
    • Furfurylaldehyde
    • 2-Furfuraldehyde
    • Pyromucic aldehyde
    • Furale
    • Furole
    • Furol
    • 2-Furylaldehyde
    • 2-Furylcarboxaldehyde
    • 2-Furyl-methanal
    • Furfurale
    • Furyl-methanal
    • 2-Furylmethanal
    • 2-Furil-metanale
    • Furan-2-carboxaldehyde
    • 2-furancarbaldehyde
    • Quakeral
    • Fufural
    • alpha-Furole
    • 2-Formylofuran
    • 2-Formyl furan
    • 2-Furankarbaldehyd
    • Nci-C56177
    • alpha-Furfuraldehyde
    • Furfural (natural)
    • Rcra waste number U125
    • Furaldehydes
    • Caswell No. 466
    • FEMA No. 2489
    • furan-2-aldehyde
    • NSC 8841
    • CCRIS 1044
    • HSDB 542
    • CHEBI:34768
    • UNII-DJ1HGI319P
    • .alpha.-Furole
    • EINECS 202-627-7
    • DJ1HGI319P
    • MFCD00003229
    • EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043301
    • BRN 0105755
    • 2-furancarboxyaldehyde
    • DTXSID1020647
    • AI3-04466
    • NSC-8841
    • DTXCID50647
    • EC 202-627-7
    • 5-17-09-00292 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
    • NCGC00091328-01
    • FURFURAL (IARC)
    • FURFURAL [IARC]
    • Furfurale [Italian]
    • 2-Formylofuran [Polish]
    • 2-Furankarbaldehyd [Czech]
    • CAS-98-01-1
    • 2-Furil-metanale [Italian]
    • RCRA waste no. U125
    • Hydrojasmal
    • Furfuralu
    • a-furfuraldehyde
    • Qo furfural
    • a-Furole
    • alpha-furaldehyde
    • 2-furanal
    • Furfural ACS grade
    • furan-2 carbaldehyde
    • FURFURALDEHYDES
    • Furfural, 99%
    • 2-Furaldehyde, 8CI
    • 2-furan-carboxaldehyde
    • 2-Furanocarboxyaldehyde
    • FURFURAL [FHFI]
    • FURFURAL [HSDB]
    • FURFURAL [FCC]
    • FURFURAL [MI]
    • 2-Furylaldehyde xypropane
    • U1199
    • WLN: T5OJ BVH
    • BIDD:ER0698
    • FURAL/PYROMUCIC ALDEHYDE
    • Furfural, ACS reagent, 99%
    • CHEMBL189362
    • QSPL 006
    • QSPL 102
    • FEMA 2489
    • Furan-2-carbaldehyde (Furfural)
    • NSC8841
    • Furfural, >=98%, FCC, FG
    • Furfural, for synthesis, 98.0%
    • AAA09801
    • MSK21046
    • STR00358
    • UYB80380
    • Tox21_111114
    • Tox21_202191
    • Tox21_300170
    • BDBM50486229
    • Furaldehydes [UN1199] [Poison]
    • STL283124
    • AKOS000118907
    • Furfural, analytical reference material
    • Furfural 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
    • USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 043301
    • Furfural, natural, >=98%, FCC, FG
    • Furfural, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
    • NCGC00091328-02
    • NCGC00091328-03
    • NCGC00091328-04
    • NCGC00253954-01
    • NCGC00259740-01
    • BP-31002
    • DB-003668
    • CS-0015696
    • F0073
    • NS00003316

  • Applications

    Furfural (CAS number: 98-01-1) is a biomass-derived platform chemical used to manufacture furfuryl alcohol, which is then polymerized into furfuryl resins for binders in foundry sands and cores in metal casting. It also serves as a solvent and processing aid in industrial manufacturing, notably in coatings, inks, adhesives, and metal cleaning. As a platform chemical, it enables downstream furan derivatives for polymers, coatings, and specialty plastics. In wood processing and pulping contexts, furfural is involved in resin and adhesive formulations used to bind wood products and laminates.

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 164.21
    methanol 305.42
    isopropanol 103.23
    water 14.65
    ethyl acetate 120.94
    n-propanol 126.44
    acetone 237.39
    n-butanol 101.09
    acetonitrile 269.1
    DMF 487.98
    toluene 18.88
    isobutanol 88.56
    1,4-dioxane 194.39
    methyl acetate 220.13
    THF 189.0
    2-butanone 190.01
    n-pentanol 75.72
    sec-butanol 102.67
    n-hexane 3.14
    ethylene glycol 120.88
    NMP 328.33
    cyclohexane 7.01
    DMSO 569.55
    n-butyl acetate 53.64
    n-octanol 43.3
    chloroform 134.21
    n-propyl acetate 75.74
    acetic acid 349.21
    dichloromethane 176.2
    cyclohexanone 138.27
    propylene glycol 86.19
    isopropyl acetate 51.67
    DMAc 391.82
    2-ethoxyethanol 198.17
    isopentanol 89.73
    n-heptane 5.27
    ethyl formate 107.1
    1,2-dichloroethane 123.91
    n-hexanol 48.84
    2-methoxyethanol 330.11
    isobutyl acetate 42.21
    tetrachloromethane 17.63
    n-pentyl acetate 38.23
    transcutol 690.61
    n-heptanol 30.25
    ethylbenzene 15.74
    MIBK 64.56
    2-propoxyethanol 114.1
    tert-butanol 139.45
    MTBE 75.27
    2-butoxyethanol 79.12
    propionic acid 197.29
    o-xylene 24.71
    formic acid 265.26
    diethyl ether 74.13
    m-xylene 17.74
    p-xylene 27.13
    chlorobenzene 47.97
    dimethyl carbonate 76.86
    n-octane 2.63
    formamide 467.16
    cyclopentanone 169.1
    2-pentanone 104.22
    anisole 80.75
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 65.77
    gamma-butyrolactone 232.97
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 177.83
    pyridine 168.09
    3-pentanone 87.02
    furfural 262.46
    n-dodecane 3.7
    diethylene glycol 158.69
    diisopropyl ether 18.48
    tert-amyl alcohol 118.41
    acetylacetone 125.89
    n-hexadecane 4.01
    acetophenone 85.46
    methyl propionate 124.68
    isopentyl acetate 48.97
    trichloroethylene 221.4
    n-nonanol 38.52
    cyclohexanol 76.08
    benzyl alcohol 78.19
    2-ethylhexanol 34.46
    isooctanol 28.61
    dipropyl ether 34.14
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 52.69
    ethyl lactate 60.13
    propylene carbonate 110.58
    n-methylformamide 304.15
    2-pentanol 62.54
    n-pentane 4.16
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 78.93
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 69.47
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 131.83
    mesitylene 14.03
    ε-caprolactone 118.12
    p-cymene 16.71
    epichlorohydrin 219.0
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 80.69
    2-aminoethanol 157.86
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 345.9
    sulfolane 275.88
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 5.14
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 123.13
    n-hexyl acetate 64.87
    isooctane 3.58
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 165.66
    sec-butyl acetate 44.68
    tert-butyl acetate 59.55
    decalin 5.54
    glycerin 154.49
    diglyme 309.26
    acrylic acid 230.2
    isopropyl myristate 31.18
    n-butyric acid 148.95
    acetyl acetate 75.68
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 34.54
    ethyl propionate 66.69
    nitromethane 638.09
    1,2-diethoxyethane 105.94
    benzonitrile 87.3
    trioctyl phosphate 24.07
    1-bromopropane 46.32
    gamma-valerolactone 237.16
    n-decanol 29.66
    triethyl phosphate 34.96
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 39.93
    propionitrile 149.08
    vinylene carbonate 115.45
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 228.12
    DMS 75.64
    cumene 15.85
    2-octanol 23.02
    2-hexanone 79.71
    octyl acetate 40.05
    limonene 24.98
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 246.83
    ethyl orthosilicate 31.7
    tributyl phosphate 31.63
    diacetone alcohol 109.34
    N,N-dimethylaniline 61.18
    acrylonitrile 223.26
    aniline 63.16
    1,3-propanediol 170.72
    bromobenzene 37.43
    dibromomethane 84.1
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 153.14
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 45.42
    tetrabutyl urea 48.97
    diisobutyl methanol 25.1
    2-phenylethanol 54.55
    styrene 23.57
    dioctyl adipate 56.22
    dimethyl sulfate 145.14
    ethyl butyrate 51.39
    methyl lactate 97.64
    butyl lactate 45.79
    diethyl carbonate 44.48
    propanediol butyl ether 102.19
    triethyl orthoformate 41.07
    p-tert-butyltoluene 15.33
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 74.97
    morpholine 222.64
    tert-butylamine 70.34
    n-dodecanol 23.76
    dimethoxymethane 178.57
    ethylene carbonate 81.59
    cyrene 108.15
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 69.66
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 36.37
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 72.05
    4-methylpyridine 109.22
    dibutyl ether 43.17
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 25.1
    DEF 171.3
    dimethyl isosorbide 155.39
    tetrachloroethylene 105.77
    eugenol 88.58
    triacetin 97.58
    span 80 84.18
    1,4-butanediol 82.18
    1,1-dichloroethane 95.26
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 72.41
    methyl formate 220.96
    2-methyl-1-butanol 87.61
    n-decane 4.98
    butyronitrile 99.32
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 46.34
    1-chlorooctane 20.6
    1-chlorotetradecane 10.32
    n-nonane 4.4
    undecane 4.26
    tert-butylcyclohexane 5.47
    cyclooctane 2.45
    cyclopentanol 85.42
    tetrahydropyran 108.55
    tert-amyl methyl ether 60.44
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 249.45
    1-hexene 15.75
    2-isopropoxyethanol 117.2
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 158.86
    methyl butyrate 94.28

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
Restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 0.001 % Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 0.001 %
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 0.001 % Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 0.001 %
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 0.001 % Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 0.001 %
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 0.001 % Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 0.001 %
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 0.001 % Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 0.001 %
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 0.001 % Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 0.001 %
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 0.001 % Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 0.001 %
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 0.001 % Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 0.001 %
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 0.001 % Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 0.05 %

Botanical

Name CAS Botanical Proportion
Camphor (Japan) 8008-51-3 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees et Ebermaier, fam. Lauraceae 0.16%
Cistus (Spain) 1 8016-26-0 Cistus ladaniferus L. var. maculatus Dun, fam. Cistaceae 0.4%
Myrrh gum (headspace) 8016-37-3 Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engler, fam. Burseraceae 1.44%
Myrtle leaf (Morocco) 1 8008-46-6 Myrtus communis L., fam. Myrtaceae 0.03%
Sassafras (Brazil) 1 8006-80-2 Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, fam. Lauraceae 0.17%
Tamarind 1 dried fruit Tamarindus indica L., fam. Leguminosae 72.39%
Daphne genkwa Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc., fam. Thymelaeaceae 2.83%
Orris butter 8002-73-1 Iris florentina L., fam. Iridaceae 0.01%
Pistacia lentiscus (Israel) 1a fruit 90082-83-0 Pistacia lentiscus L., fam. Anacardiaceae 0.04%
Celery plant 8015-90-5 Apium graveolens L. var. dulce, fam. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 0.01%
Mustard, flowers 8007-40-7 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss., fam. Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) 0.7%
Mustard, leaves & stems 8007-40-7 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss., fam. Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) 2.9%
Mustard, root 8007-40-7 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss., fam. Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) 1.1%
Mustard seed (China) 1 8007-40-7 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss., fam. Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) 1.25%
Tamarind 2 Tamarindus indica L., fam. Leguminosae 3.0%
Agarwood smoke 1 Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., fam. Thymelaeaceae 0.72%
Agarwood smoke 2 Aquilaria agallocha Roxb., fam. Thymelaeaceae 2.79%
Rhus coriaria Rhus coriaria L., fam. Anarcadiaceae 0.03%
Lemon leaf (petitgrain) (Russia) 84929-31-7 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f., fam. Rutaceae 0.01%
Artemisia princeps (China) Artemisia princeps Pamp., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 0.22%
Meyer lemon leaf (Russia) 1 Citrus limon x Citrus sinensis, fam. Rutaceae 0.01%
Lawsonia inermis flower headspace (China) Lawsonia inermis L., fam. Lythraceae 0.49%
Daphne tangutica flower concrete (China) Daphne tangutica Maxim., fam. Thymelaeaceae 0.27%
Viburnum orientale leaf Viburnum orientale Pallas, fam. Caprifoliaceae 0.37%
Hedyotis diffusa (Malaysia) Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (syn. Oldenlandia diffusa Roxb.), fam. Rubiaceae 2.6%
Averrhoa bilimbi fruit (Malaysia) Averrhoa bilimbi L., fam. Oxalidaceae 19.1%
Rhubarb root Rheum palmatum L., fam. Polygonaceae 0.1%
Zizyphus jujuba fruit (Malaysia) Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis, fam. Rhamnaceae 5.3%
Indian curry leaf tree (leaf) Murraya koenigii Spreng., fam. Rutaceae 0.1%
Rosa rugosa (China) 1 Rosa rugosa Thunb. (hybrids), fam. Rosaceae 0.01%
Tamarind 3 fruit Tamarindus indica L., fam. Leguminosae 38.2%
Pelargonium sidoides Pelargonium sidoides DC., fam. Geraniaceae 0.01%
Phaeomeria speciosa Phaeomeria speciosa Koord., (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith), Zingib. 0.14%
Colocasia esculenta (Taro) Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, fam. Araceae 4.5%
Eschweilera coriacea flower Eschweilera coriacea (A.P.DC.) Mori, fam. Lecythidaceae 1.0%
Bacuri fruit (Brazil) Platonia insignis M., fam. Guttiferae 4.1%
Genipap fruit (Brazil) Genipa americana L., fam. Rubiaceae 2.2%
Guava fruit (Cuba) 91770-12-6 Psidium guajava L., fam. Myrtaceae 0.01%
Coriander fruit 5 8008-52-4 Coriandrum sativum L., fam. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 0.05%
Chicory root, roasted 2 68650-43-1 Cichorium intybus L., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 1.04%
Chicory root, roasted 1a 68650-43-1 Cichorium intybus L., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 9.48%
Chicory root, roasted 1b 68650-43-1 Cichorium intybus L., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 26.23%
Carob bean extract 1 9000-40-2 Ceratonia siliqua L., fam. Leguminoseae 0.9%
Carob bean powder 2a raw 9000-40-2 Ceratonia siliqua L., fam. Leguminoseae 1.4%
Carob bean powder 2b roasted 9000-40-2 Ceratonia siliqua L., fam. Leguminoseae 26.2%
Cordia nitida fruit Cordia nitida Vahl., fam. Borraginaceae 0.5%
Patchouli (China) 3a root 8014-09-3 Pogostemon cablin Benth., fam. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 0.01%
Pineapple pulp Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., fam. Bromeliaceae 0.42%
Rocket leaf 1 Eruca sativa L., fam. Brassicaceae 0.02%
Rocket leaf 2 headspace Eruca sativa L., fam. Brassicaceae 0.8%