Pyrazine

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    290-37-9

    Molecular formula
    C4H4N2

    SMILES
    C1=CN=CC=N1

    Safety labels

    Flammable
    Flammable

    Irritant
    Irritant

    Retention indicies (RI)

    • Carbowax: 1210.33

  • Odor profile

    Nutty 87.54%
    Sweet 78.47%
    Musty 69.29%
    Roasted 69.02%
    Burnt 56.44%
    Hazelnut 46.41%
    Fishy 46.08%
    Coffee 45.79%
    Cocoa 43.97%
    Ethereal 42.33%

    Scent© AI

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    -0.2

    pKa est.
    3.91 (weak acid)

    Molecular weight
    80.09 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Ultra fast

    Melting point expt.

    • 54 - 56 °C

    Boiling point

    • 115.00 to 116.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

    Flash point est.
    54.48 ˚C

    Solubility expt.

    • freely soluble in water, organic solvents
    • very soluble (in ethanol)

  • Synonyms

    • PYRAZINE
    • 290-37-9
    • 1,4-Diazine
    • p-Diazine
    • Paradiazine
    • Piazine
    • 1,4-Diazabenzene
    • pyrazin
    • 1,4-Diazin
    • CCRIS 1331
    • pyrazine phase IV
    • EINECS 206-027-6
    • Piazine (obsol.)
    • pyrazine phase III
    • NSC 400221
    • NSC-400221
    • 1, 4-Diazabenzene
    • DTXSID8049410
    • FEMA NO. 4015
    • UNII-2JKE371789
    • CHEBI:30953
    • PYRAZINE [FHFI]
    • PYRAZINE [MI]
    • MFCD00006122
    • 2JKE371789
    • DTXCID7029370
    • pyrazine phase I
    • pyrazine phase II
    • Pyrazines
    • pDiazine
    • 1,4-Diazabenzene; 1,4-Diazine; Paradiazine; Piazine; p-Diazine
    • 1,4Diazabenzene
    • 1,4Diazine
    • Pyrazine, >=99%
    • Pyrazine, >=99%, FG
    • Pyrazine, analytical standard
    • CHEMBL15797
    • STR04325
    • Tox21_202911
    • BBL027560
    • NSC400221
    • STL373491
    • AKOS006223200
    • Pyrazine, purum, >=98.0% (GC)
    • CS-W013756
    • NCGC00260457-01
    • BP-10420
    • CAS-290-37-9
    • DB-003769
    • NS00010841
    • P0544
    • EN300-72616
    • A819731
    • Q424284
    • F0001-0907
    • 206-027-6

  • Applications

    Pyrazine (CAS 290-37-9) is an electron-rich six-membered aromatic heterocycle widely employed in the flavor industry—imparting roasted, nutty and meaty notes to coffee, cocoa, potato chips and processed meats; in pharmaceuticals—as a core scaffold for antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and CNS-active drugs; in agriculture—for synthesizing plant-growth regulators and semiochemical insect attractants/repellents; in materials science—as a precursor to conductive polymers, luminophores, specialized battery solvents and catalytic ligands; it also serves as an odorant marker for natural-gas leak detection, a probe in mechanistic organic studies, and a pivotal model compound in coordination chemistry.

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 47.9
    methanol 98.31
    isopropanol 21.48
    water 10.07
    ethyl acetate 62.54
    n-propanol 30.41
    acetone 73.26
    n-butanol 20.79
    acetonitrile 150.06
    DMF 261.33
    toluene 28.04
    isobutanol 18.34
    1,4-dioxane 78.77
    methyl acetate 86.8
    THF 100.61
    2-butanone 59.29
    n-pentanol 14.68
    sec-butanol 17.34
    n-hexane 2.44
    ethylene glycol 29.68
    NMP 266.58
    cyclohexane 5.13
    DMSO 298.02
    n-butyl acetate 24.12
    n-octanol 4.86
    chloroform 231.5
    n-propyl acetate 18.91
    acetic acid 107.25
    dichloromethane 283.74
    cyclohexanone 59.81
    propylene glycol 18.28
    isopropyl acetate 20.59
    DMAc 261.75
    2-ethoxyethanol 41.19
    isopentanol 13.83
    n-heptane 3.68
    ethyl formate 59.79
    1,2-dichloroethane 124.97
    n-hexanol 11.55
    2-methoxyethanol 101.24
    isobutyl acetate 8.0
    tetrachloromethane 41.67
    n-pentyl acetate 12.13
    transcutol 78.13
    n-heptanol 6.15
    ethylbenzene 7.25
    MIBK 11.62
    2-propoxyethanol 33.27
    tert-butanol 20.21
    MTBE 17.03
    2-butoxyethanol 19.44
    propionic acid 71.31
    o-xylene 18.28
    formic acid 120.36
    diethyl ether 29.73
    m-xylene 12.48
    p-xylene 11.57
    chlorobenzene 52.68
    dimethyl carbonate 29.21
    n-octane 1.02
    formamide 183.42
    cyclopentanone 96.55
    2-pentanone 30.91
    anisole 23.86
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 38.93
    gamma-butyrolactone 162.2
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 47.81
    pyridine 181.51
    3-pentanone 37.93
    furfural 198.49
    n-dodecane 0.71
    diethylene glycol 34.26
    diisopropyl ether 4.7
    tert-amyl alcohol 17.47
    acetylacetone 37.13
    n-hexadecane 0.78
    acetophenone 28.54
    methyl propionate 66.19
    isopentyl acetate 14.67
    trichloroethylene 250.56
    n-nonanol 4.86
    cyclohexanol 18.61
    benzyl alcohol 26.34
    2-ethylhexanol 7.95
    isooctanol 5.07
    dipropyl ether 17.84
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 46.24
    ethyl lactate 12.73
    propylene carbonate 64.39
    n-methylformamide 173.52
    2-pentanol 9.85
    n-pentane 3.09
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 23.61
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 27.62
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 18.89
    mesitylene 6.07
    ε-caprolactone 60.02
    p-cymene 7.39
    epichlorohydrin 146.71
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 87.61
    2-aminoethanol 43.41
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 163.98
    sulfolane 167.07
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1.44
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 70.69
    n-hexyl acetate 11.07
    isooctane 0.66
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 23.42
    sec-butyl acetate 9.97
    tert-butyl acetate 13.66
    decalin 1.79
    glycerin 41.52
    diglyme 61.01
    acrylic acid 86.83
    isopropyl myristate 4.96
    n-butyric acid 58.66
    acetyl acetate 35.47
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 7.95
    ethyl propionate 21.4
    nitromethane 266.37
    1,2-diethoxyethane 27.84
    benzonitrile 51.64
    trioctyl phosphate 4.37
    1-bromopropane 51.08
    gamma-valerolactone 126.57
    n-decanol 3.67
    triethyl phosphate 11.88
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 4.83
    propionitrile 80.36
    vinylene carbonate 69.91
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 148.41
    DMS 19.6
    cumene 5.07
    2-octanol 3.25
    2-hexanone 15.32
    octyl acetate 6.86
    limonene 10.75
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 62.85
    ethyl orthosilicate 10.71
    tributyl phosphate 6.22
    diacetone alcohol 20.29
    N,N-dimethylaniline 20.14
    acrylonitrile 146.93
    aniline 60.87
    1,3-propanediol 37.78
    bromobenzene 48.89
    dibromomethane 146.85
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 154.02
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 11.44
    tetrabutyl urea 11.01
    diisobutyl methanol 4.82
    2-phenylethanol 19.38
    styrene 13.49
    dioctyl adipate 9.66
    dimethyl sulfate 69.66
    ethyl butyrate 20.88
    methyl lactate 33.44
    butyl lactate 10.67
    diethyl carbonate 15.23
    propanediol butyl ether 11.81
    triethyl orthoformate 14.98
    p-tert-butyltoluene 6.22
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 19.36
    morpholine 109.24
    tert-butylamine 12.85
    n-dodecanol 2.85
    dimethoxymethane 66.78
    ethylene carbonate 51.03
    cyrene 26.24
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 24.55
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 12.75
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 61.97
    4-methylpyridine 112.21
    dibutyl ether 8.6
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 4.82
    DEF 79.07
    dimethyl isosorbide 38.37
    tetrachloroethylene 132.2
    eugenol 18.15
    triacetin 18.89
    span 80 14.82
    1,4-butanediol 14.0
    1,1-dichloroethane 95.83
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 10.88
    methyl formate 101.14
    2-methyl-1-butanol 15.07
    n-decane 1.11
    butyronitrile 46.97
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 5.55
    1-chlorooctane 4.17
    1-chlorotetradecane 1.88
    n-nonane 1.1
    undecane 0.85
    tert-butylcyclohexane 1.42
    cyclooctane 1.59
    cyclopentanol 31.72
    tetrahydropyran 51.0
    tert-amyl methyl ether 15.42
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 40.63
    1-hexene 7.68
    2-isopropoxyethanol 18.88
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 65.39
    methyl butyrate 27.48

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction

Botanical

Name CAS Botanical Proportion
Orris butter 8002-73-1 Iris florentina L., fam. Iridaceae 0.01%
Chicory root, roasted 1a 68650-43-1 Cichorium intybus L., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 0.01%
Chicory root, roasted 1b 68650-43-1 Cichorium intybus L., fam. Asteraceae (Compositae) 0.01%