Sotolon

Overview IFRA Botanical Request a quote

  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    28664-35-9

    Molecular formula
    C6H8O3

    SMILES
    CC1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)C

    Safety labels

    Irritant
    Irritant

    Retention indicies (RI)

    • DB5: 1107.0
    • Carbowax: 2125.5

  • Odor profile

    Caramellic 88.04%
    Sweet 84.11%
    Burnt 66.35%
    Roasted 46.85%
    Fruity 41.52%
    Coffee 41.24%
    Nutty 37.21%
    Buttery 33.81%
    Coumarinic 30.85%
    Creamy 27.97%

    Scent© AI

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    0.4

    Molecular weight
    128.13 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Very slow

    Melting point expt.

    • 25.00 to 29.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

    Boiling point

    • 93.00 to 95.00 °C. @ 2.00 mm Hg

    Flash point est.
    107.06 ˚C

  • Synonyms

    • 28664-35-9
    • 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one
    • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one
    • Sotolone
    • sotolon
    • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
    • 2(5h)-FURANONE, 3-HYDROXY-4,5-DIMETHYL-
    • Sautalone
    • Caramel furanone
    • 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone
    • FEMA No. 3634
    • 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-penten-4-olide
    • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-dihydro-2-furanone
    • 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2H-furan-5-one
    • T62RL2NEGW
    • EINECS 249-136-4
    • 2-Hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-2-buten-1,4-olide
    • 2,3-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-5-one
    • DTXSID4047674
    • 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-5H-furan-2-one
    • DTXCID2027674
    • CHEBI:67890
    • 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one
    • 4,5-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXY-2,5-DIHYDRO-2-FURANONE [FHFI]
    • UNII-T62RL2NEGW
    • MFCD00059957
    • 3-Hydroxy-4,5(R)-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone
    • SCHEMBL246671
    • CHEMBL3185688
    • Tox21_302500
    • AKOS015915483
    • DS-4143
    • SB60893
    • NCGC00256815-01
    • 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-Furan-2(5H)-one
    • CAS-28664-35-9
    • DB-003449
    • 3,4-Dimethyl-2-hydroxy-2-butan-1,4-olide
    • CS-0035224
    • D1851
    • D5850
    • NS00020507
    • Furan-2(5H)-one, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-
    • D82247
    • EN300-7418981
    • Q421173
    • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one, >=97%, FG
    • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one, analytical standard

  • Applications

    4,5-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one (commonly known as sotolon) is a potent aroma compound with the emblematic scent of maple syrup, curry and malt, and is therefore widely used in the food industry to enhance, modulate or standardize the flavour of candies, beverages, seasonings, instant soups, meat substitutes and breakfast cereals; it also serves as an analytical standard in flavour research for monitoring fermentation, wine and beer ageing, assessing the oxidation status of roasted coffee or fruit juices and detecting off-odours in stored grains and flours; in cosmetics and perfumery, sotolon provides sweet, warm, slightly caramel notes that deepen woody, amber and balsamic accords, while in e-cigarette formulations it is added to e-liquids to recreate maple and bakery nuances; owing to its natural occurrence in fenugreek seeds and sugar cane and its possible biotechnological production from cellulose, the molecule is attractive for “clean label” flavours and green fragrances, and from an academic perspective it remains a key target in food chemistry, aroma science and biochemistry because of its extremely low sensory threshold and its decisive role in elucidating Maillard-derived flavour pathways.

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 173.82
    methanol 305.5
    isopropanol 89.51
    water 47.79
    ethyl acetate 32.19
    n-propanol 107.36
    acetone 48.77
    n-butanol 89.46
    acetonitrile 34.68
    DMF 129.85
    toluene 4.39
    isobutanol 60.75
    1,4-dioxane 132.25
    methyl acetate 39.33
    THF 128.4
    2-butanone 39.36
    n-pentanol 65.26
    sec-butanol 68.99
    n-hexane 1.82
    ethylene glycol 108.15
    NMP 84.85
    cyclohexane 1.45
    DMSO 227.02
    n-butyl acetate 18.92
    n-octanol 25.6
    chloroform 48.04
    n-propyl acetate 19.21
    acetic acid 146.56
    dichloromethane 63.63
    cyclohexanone 45.89
    propylene glycol 56.27
    isopropyl acetate 21.89
    DMAc 79.13
    2-ethoxyethanol 206.29
    isopentanol 67.49
    n-heptane 1.7
    ethyl formate 42.94
    1,2-dichloroethane 46.51
    n-hexanol 43.19
    2-methoxyethanol 343.76
    isobutyl acetate 9.98
    tetrachloromethane 11.81
    n-pentyl acetate 28.89
    transcutol 304.13
    n-heptanol 32.33
    ethylbenzene 5.62
    MIBK 33.67
    2-propoxyethanol 108.96
    tert-butanol 98.5
    MTBE 36.69
    2-butoxyethanol 82.98
    propionic acid 60.21
    o-xylene 8.22
    formic acid 319.39
    diethyl ether 46.47
    m-xylene 6.96
    p-xylene 7.69
    chlorobenzene 11.88
    dimethyl carbonate 20.44
    n-octane 1.4
    formamide 476.03
    cyclopentanone 59.77
    2-pentanone 38.31
    anisole 25.18
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 35.07
    gamma-butyrolactone 101.98
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 152.25
    pyridine 38.63
    3-pentanone 23.22
    furfural 120.23
    n-dodecane 1.22
    diethylene glycol 147.69
    diisopropyl ether 12.07
    tert-amyl alcohol 77.63
    acetylacetone 44.08
    n-hexadecane 1.34
    acetophenone 29.1
    methyl propionate 30.39
    isopentyl acetate 21.08
    trichloroethylene 72.9
    n-nonanol 24.4
    cyclohexanol 36.27
    benzyl alcohol 36.56
    2-ethylhexanol 19.15
    isooctanol 25.42
    dipropyl ether 14.25
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 18.81
    ethyl lactate 20.54
    propylene carbonate 38.73
    n-methylformamide 158.63
    2-pentanol 52.7
    n-pentane 2.39
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 54.6
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 32.66
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 66.72
    mesitylene 6.2
    ε-caprolactone 53.34
    p-cymene 7.56
    epichlorohydrin 122.02
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 25.02
    2-aminoethanol 166.05
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 155.99
    sulfolane 135.98
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2.08
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 64.04
    n-hexyl acetate 38.36
    isooctane 1.77
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 107.12
    sec-butyl acetate 12.78
    tert-butyl acetate 36.31
    decalin 1.74
    glycerin 132.84
    diglyme 175.76
    acrylic acid 63.11
    isopropyl myristate 14.69
    n-butyric acid 63.13
    acetyl acetate 20.87
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 19.11
    ethyl propionate 17.41
    nitromethane 201.92
    1,2-diethoxyethane 58.21
    benzonitrile 23.27
    trioctyl phosphate 14.68
    1-bromopropane 16.6
    gamma-valerolactone 132.83
    n-decanol 16.96
    triethyl phosphate 14.01
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 30.28
    propionitrile 23.99
    vinylene carbonate 38.2
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 107.32
    DMS 29.36
    cumene 6.73
    2-octanol 22.35
    2-hexanone 23.89
    octyl acetate 19.42
    limonene 9.29
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 154.69
    ethyl orthosilicate 14.05
    tributyl phosphate 15.86
    diacetone alcohol 73.14
    N,N-dimethylaniline 22.33
    acrylonitrile 39.19
    aniline 20.86
    1,3-propanediol 203.0
    bromobenzene 8.62
    dibromomethane 33.82
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 56.7
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 19.28
    tetrabutyl urea 21.84
    diisobutyl methanol 15.32
    2-phenylethanol 35.22
    styrene 5.95
    dioctyl adipate 21.71
    dimethyl sulfate 49.34
    ethyl butyrate 16.71
    methyl lactate 34.38
    butyl lactate 30.13
    diethyl carbonate 11.95
    propanediol butyl ether 68.78
    triethyl orthoformate 15.43
    p-tert-butyltoluene 7.28
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 43.64
    morpholine 140.1
    tert-butylamine 47.04
    n-dodecanol 12.17
    dimethoxymethane 118.41
    ethylene carbonate 28.73
    cyrene 61.8
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 48.98
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 15.29
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 23.23
    4-methylpyridine 28.25
    dibutyl ether 17.73
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 15.32
    DEF 50.4
    dimethyl isosorbide 90.46
    tetrachloroethylene 53.15
    eugenol 54.22
    triacetin 37.16
    span 80 48.5
    1,4-butanediol 84.01
    1,1-dichloroethane 25.27
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 49.57
    methyl formate 100.0
    2-methyl-1-butanol 58.62
    n-decane 2.05
    butyronitrile 28.07
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 22.24
    1-chlorooctane 9.56
    1-chlorotetradecane 3.9
    n-nonane 1.72
    undecane 1.55
    tert-butylcyclohexane 1.83
    cyclooctane 0.85
    cyclopentanol 49.41
    tetrahydropyran 46.1
    tert-amyl methyl ether 32.93
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 125.48
    1-hexene 6.89
    2-isopropoxyethanol 98.38
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 94.03
    methyl butyrate 25.46

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction

Botanical

Name CAS Botanical Proportion
Fenugreek 1a headspace 84625-40-1 Trigonella foenum-graecum L., fam. Leguminosae 0.05%
Fenugreek 1b steamdistillate 84625-40-1 Trigonella foenum-graecum L., fam. Leguminosae 0.05%
Fenugreek 1c extract 84625-40-1 Trigonella foenum-graecum L., fam. Leguminosae 0.05%