Phenylalanine

Overview IFRA Request a quote

  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    63-91-2

    Molecular formula
    C9H11NO2

    SMILES
    C1=CC=C(C=C1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Sweet 39.54%
    Odorless 38.78%
    Honey 28.32%
    Bitter 28.3%
    Cocoa 28.26%
    Balsamic 25.64%
    Chocolate 24.57%
    Spicy 24.12%
    Savory 21.82%
    Floral 21.55%

     

    Flavor
    Odorless 56.66%
    Mild 43.35%
    Bitter 23.73%
    Faint 23.06%
    Nitrile 20.86%
    Yeast 20.63%
    Honeysuckle 20.56%
    Urine 20.32%
    Sweet-like 19.95%
    Bland 19.63%

     

    Odor impact est.
    Low

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    -1.5

    pKa est.
    5.22 (weak acid)

    Molecular weight
    165.19 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Ultra slow

    Melting point expt.

    • 541 °F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)
    • 283 dec °C
    • 283 °C decomposes
    • 283 °C

    Boiling point

    • 563 °F at 760 mmHg (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

    Flash point

    • 169.27 ˚C est.

    Solubility expt.

    • 10 to 50 mg/mL at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 26900 mg/L (at 25 °C)
    • Monoclinic leaflets or prisms from water or alchol, sweetish taste. Decomposes at 271-273 °C. Sublimes in vacuo. pK1 = 2.58; pK2 = 9.24. Solubility in water (g/L): 9.97 at 0 °C; 14.11 at 25 °C; 21.87 at 50 °C; 37.08 at 75 °C; 68.9 at 100 °C /Phenylalanine DL-form/
    • Insoluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, acid
    • Very slightly sol in methanol, ethanol
    • Solubility in water (g/L): 19.8 at 0 °C; ... 44.3 at 50 °C; 66.2 at 75 °C; 99.0 at 100 °C
    • In water, 2.64X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C
    • 26.9 mg/mL
    • Soluble in water; Slightly soluble in dilute mineral acid and alkali hydroxide solutions
    • Slightly soluble (in ethanol)

  • Synonyms

    • L-phenylalanine
    • phenylalanine
    • 63-91-2
    • (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
    • 3-Phenyl-L-alanine
    • (S)-Phenylalanine
    • (S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
    • (L)-Phenylalanine
    • 3-Phenylalanine
    • (S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid
    • beta-Phenyl-L-alanine
    • Antibiotic FN 1636
    • fenilalanina
    • H-Phe-OH
    • L-Alanine, phenyl-
    • Alanine, 3-phenyl-
    • L-Antibiotic FN 1636
    • Phenylalaninum
    • (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid
    • L-Alanine, 3-phenyl-
    • FEMA No. 3585
    • Phenylalanine (VAN)
    • beta-Phenylalnine, (-)-
    • Fenilalanina [Spanish]
    • Phenylalaninum [Latin]
    • (S)-alpha-Aminohydrocinnamic acid
    • Alanine, phenyl-, L-
    • (S)-(-)-Phenylalanine
    • endophenyl
    • (S)-alpha-Amino-benzenepropanoic acid
    • Phenylalanine, L-
    • HSDB 1825
    • Hydrocinnamic acid, alpha-amino-
    • phe
    • 2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid, L-
    • NSC 79477
    • Phenylalamine
    • Phenylalanine [USAN:INN:JAN]
    • alpha-Aminohydrocinnamic acid, L-
    • alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid, L-
    • Benzenepropanoic acid, alpha-amino-, (S)-
    • EINECS 200-568-1
    • phenylalanin
    • alpha-Aminohydrocinnamic acid
    • MFCD00064227
    • (-)-phenylalanine
    • L-Phe
    • laevo-phenyl alanine
    • UNII-47E5O17Y3R
    • CCRIS 4254
    • L-PHENYLALININE
    • CHEBI:17295
    • 47E5O17Y3R
    • (-)-beta-Phenylalanine
    • NSC-79477
    • CHEMBL301523
    • DTXSID4040763
    • Phenylalanine [USAN:USP:INN:JAN]
    • Phenylalaninum (Latin)
    • PHENYLALANINE (II)
    • PHENYLALANINE [II]
    • 2S-alpha-phenylalanine
    • PHENYLALANINE (MART.)
    • PHENYLALANINE [MART.]
    • Phenylalanine (L-Phenylalanine)
    • Alanine, phenyl-
    • PHENYLALANINE (EP MONOGRAPH)
    • PHENYLALANINE [EP MONOGRAPH]
    • Phenylalanine (USAN:USP:INN:JAN)
    • PHENYLALANINE (USP MONOGRAPH)
    • PHENYLALANINE [USP MONOGRAPH]
    • .beta.-Phenylalanine
    • Phenyl-.alpha.-alanine
    • L-.beta.-Phenylalanine
    • .beta.-Phenyl-L-alanine
    • (-)-.beta.-Phenylalanine
    • .alpha.-Aminohydrocinnamic acid
    • .beta.-Phenyl-.alpha.-alanine
    • Phenylalanine (USP/INN)
    • L-phenylaniline
    • Hydrocinnamic acid, .alpha.-amino-
    • 1-phenylalanine
    • .beta.-Phenyl-.alpha.-alanine, l-
    • L-phenyl Alanine
    • PheOH
    • 1usi
    • NCI9959
    • .alpha.-Amino-.beta.-phenylpropionic acid
    • Phenylalanine1532
    • racemic phenylalanine
    • Phenylalanine Phenolic
    • 1f2p
    • alpha-Aminohydrocinnamate
    • L-Phenylalanine, 99%
    • beta-Phenyl-alpha-alanine
    • L-Phenylalanine (JP18)
    • PHENYLALANINE [MI]
    • bmse000045
    • bmse000900
    • bmse000921
    • bmse001016
    • PHENYLALANINE [INN]
    • L-Phenylalanine (Standard)
    • SCHEMBL8119
    • NCIStruc1_000204
    • NCIStruc2_000248
    • PHENYLALANINE [HSDB]
    • PHENYLALANINE [USAN]
    • PHENYLALANINE [VANDF]
    • (S)-alpha-Aminohydrocinnamate
    • L-Phenylalanine (H-Phe-OH)
    • L-PHENYLALANINE [FCC]
    • L-PHENYLALANINE [JAN]
    • L-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionate
    • L-PHENYLALANINE [FHFI]
    • L-Phenylalanine, 99%, FCC
    • PHENYLALANINE [WHO-DD]
    • GTPL3313
    • (S)-alpha-Aminobenzenepropanoate
    • DTXCID2020763
    • (S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoate
    • BDBM18073
    • HY-N0215R
    • (S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionate
    • 1F9436B3-8B0D-4AC6-A004-4249B0BDA436
    • L-PHENYLALANINE [USP-RS]
    • L-Phenylalanine non-animal source
    • (S)-alpha-Amino-benzenepropanoate

  • Applications

    Phenylalanine (CAS 63-91-2) is widely used as an essential amino acid in nutritional formulations and dietary supplements, including parenteral nutrition, and as a building block in pharmaceutical manufacturing for peptide synthesis. It also serves as a precursor for the artificial sweetener aspartame in the food industry. It is used as a feed additive in livestock nutrition to supplement amino acid balance. In industrial biotechnology, it can be employed in cell culture media and fermentation feeds as an amino acid source.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 0.42
    methanol 2.89
    isopropanol 0.14
    water 19.03
    ethyl acetate 0.15
    n-propanol 0.11
    acetone 0.44
    n-butanol 0.07
    acetonitrile 0.08
    DMF 2.42
    toluene 0.4
    isobutanol 0.19
    1,4-dioxane 0.14
    methyl acetate 0.07
    THF 1.23
    2-butanone 0.17
    n-pentanol 0.2
    sec-butanol 0.12
    n-hexane 0.04
    ethylene glycol 7.9
    NMP 43.4
    cyclohexane 0.04
    DMSO 15.27
    n-butyl acetate 1.32
    n-octanol 0.32
    chloroform 0.1
    n-propyl acetate 0.45
    acetic acid 11.52
    dichloromethane 0.17
    cyclohexanone 1.64
    propylene glycol 2.67
    isopropyl acetate 0.56
    DMAc 14.09
    2-ethoxyethanol 4.65
    isopentanol 0.41
    n-heptane 0.16
    ethyl formate 0.45
    1,2-dichloroethane 0.18
    n-hexanol 1.15
    2-methoxyethanol 5.2
    isobutyl acetate 0.48
    tetrachloromethane 0.18
    n-pentyl acetate 0.68
    transcutol 21.01
    n-heptanol 1.01
    ethylbenzene 0.54
    MIBK 1.11
    2-propoxyethanol 8.86
    tert-butanol 1.08
    MTBE 0.24
    2-butoxyethanol 5.06
    propionic acid 1.54
    o-xylene 1.35
    formic acid 61.36
    diethyl ether 0.04
    m-xylene 1.32
    p-xylene 0.72
    chlorobenzene 0.29
    dimethyl carbonate 1.23
    n-octane 0.05
    formamide 33.39
    cyclopentanone 3.07
    2-pentanone 0.26
    anisole 1.2
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 0.99
    gamma-butyrolactone 6.61
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 3.6
    pyridine 0.55
    3-pentanone 0.23
    furfural 14.98
    n-dodecane 0.04
    diethylene glycol 25.36
    diisopropyl ether 0.22
    tert-amyl alcohol 1.07
    acetylacetone 3.06
    n-hexadecane 0.04
    acetophenone 3.67
    methyl propionate 0.3
    isopentyl acetate 2.42
    trichloroethylene 0.56
    n-nonanol 0.4
    cyclohexanol 0.44
    benzyl alcohol 2.27
    2-ethylhexanol 1.5
    isooctanol 1.28
    dipropyl ether 0.57
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 0.82
    ethyl lactate 3.42
    propylene carbonate 5.83
    n-methylformamide 1.76
    2-pentanol 0.12
    n-pentane 0.02
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 5.86
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 5.85
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 10.74
    mesitylene 1.29
    ε-caprolactone 2.53
    p-cymene 1.38
    epichlorohydrin 1.6
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 0.18
    2-aminoethanol 4.85
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 17.54
    sulfolane 39.81
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 0.08
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 0.59
    n-hexyl acetate 0.83
    isooctane 0.09
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 10.34
    sec-butyl acetate 0.6
    tert-butyl acetate 2.34
    decalin 0.17
    glycerin 21.95
    diglyme 15.51
    acrylic acid 4.74
    isopropyl myristate 0.6
    n-butyric acid 1.54
    acetyl acetate 1.06
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2.93
    ethyl propionate 0.6
    nitromethane 4.88
    1,2-diethoxyethane 0.93
    benzonitrile 0.86
    trioctyl phosphate 1.48
    1-bromopropane 0.04
    gamma-valerolactone 8.56
    n-decanol 0.37
    triethyl phosphate 2.84
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 0.62
    propionitrile 0.06
    vinylene carbonate 3.44
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 13.74
    DMS 2.11
    cumene 0.9
    2-octanol 0.39
    2-hexanone 0.46
    octyl acetate 0.79
    limonene 1.42
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 2.33
    ethyl orthosilicate 2.51
    tributyl phosphate 1.48
    diacetone alcohol 9.67
    N,N-dimethylaniline 2.77
    acrylonitrile 0.24
    aniline 0.72
    1,3-propanediol 2.38
    bromobenzene 0.26
    dibromomethane 0.1
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 0.59
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 3.4
    tetrabutyl urea 2.73
    diisobutyl methanol 1.56
    2-phenylethanol 3.78
    styrene 0.34
    dioctyl adipate 1.53
    dimethyl sulfate 7.86
    ethyl butyrate 1.59
    methyl lactate 5.98
    butyl lactate 3.14
    diethyl carbonate 1.49
    propanediol butyl ether 5.64
    triethyl orthoformate 2.02
    p-tert-butyltoluene 1.32
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 7.88
    morpholine 0.23
    tert-butylamine 0.42
    n-dodecanol 0.32
    dimethoxymethane 1.36
    ethylene carbonate 2.1
    cyrene 20.6
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 1.8
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 1.61
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1.24
    4-methylpyridine 0.53
    dibutyl ether 0.18
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 1.56
    DEF 1.08
    dimethyl isosorbide 23.43
    tetrachloroethylene 1.02
    eugenol 9.48
    triacetin 3.71
    span 80 7.95
    1,4-butanediol 1.98
    1,1-dichloroethane 0.05
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 0.73
    methyl formate 1.53
    2-methyl-1-butanol 0.29
    n-decane 0.04
    butyronitrile 0.07
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 0.76
    1-chlorooctane 0.11
    1-chlorotetradecane 0.09
    n-nonane 0.04
    undecane 0.04
    tert-butylcyclohexane 0.16
    cyclooctane 0.06
    cyclopentanol 0.62
    tetrahydropyran 0.07
    tert-amyl methyl ether 0.43
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 18.14
    1-hexene 0.07
    2-isopropoxyethanol 3.71
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 8.29
    methyl butyrate 0.83

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction