Glyoxylic Acid

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    298-12-4

    Molecular formula
    C2H2O3

    SMILES
    C(=O)C(=O)O

    Safety labels

    Corrosive
    Corrosive

    Irritant
    Irritant

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Odorless 64.98%
    Sour 61.16%
    Caramellic 56.02%
    Burnt 48.4%
    Sharp 44.49%
    Pungent 31.57%
    Buttery 29.05%
    Creamy 21.15%
    Milky 20.76%
    Winey 20.13%

     

    Flavor
    Odorless 58.79%
    Sour 49.16%
    Vinegar 31.61%
    Acidic 30.4%
    Caramellic 29.32%
    Sharp 27.63%
    Pungent 23.87%
    Formyl 23.57%
    Very mild 22.5%
    Soy 21.47%

     

    Odor impact est.
    High

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    -0.3

    pKa est.
    5.8 (weak acid)

    Molecular weight
    74.04 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Moderately fast

    Boiling point est.
    181°C

    Melting point expt.

    • 98 °C
    • Crystals from water; melting point: 70-75 °C; obnoxious odor; strong corrosive acid; K= 4.6X10-4; deliquesces; attacks most stable metals except certain stainless steel alloys; aq soln tend to acquire a yellow tint. /glyoxylic acid hemihydrate/
    • Crystals; MP: approx 50 °C; highly hygroscopic /Glyoxylic acid monohydrate/
    • -93 °C

    Flash point

    • 102.53 ˚C est.

    Solubility expt.

    • Very soluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and benzene

  • Synonyms

    • glyoxylic acid
    • 298-12-4
    • 2-Oxoacetic Acid
    • Glyoxalic acid
    • Oxoacetic acid
    • Oxoethanoic acid
    • Formylformic acid
    • Acetic acid, oxo-
    • Oxalaldehydic acid
    • oxaldehydic acid
    • glyoxylate
    • alpha-Ketoacetic acid
    • Formic acid, formyl-
    • glyoxalate
    • Kyselina glyoxylova
    • JQ39C92HH6
    • NSC-27785
    • DTXSID5021594
    • CHEBI:16891
    • CHEBI:36655
    • RefChem:663965
    • DTXCID401594
    • 206-058-5
    • Acetic acid, 2-oxo-
    • CCRIS 1455
    • HSDB 5559
    • 563-96-2
    • MFCD00006958
    • NSC 27785
    • C2H2O3
    • .alpha.-Ketoacetic acid
    • 2-Oxoacetic acid(50% in water)
    • glyox
    • oxoacetate
    • NSC27785
    • 2-OxoaceticAcid
    • Glyoxalic acid pound 50% in water pound(c)
    • NSC 27785;Formylformic acid;Oxalaldehydic acid
    • Kyselina glyoxylova [Czech]
    • GLV
    • OCHCOOH
    • EINECS 206-058-5
    • BRN 0741891
    • UNII-JQ39C92HH6
    • Formylformate
    • Glyoxalsaeure
    • Glyoxylsaeure
    • Oxalaldehydate
    • Oxoethanoate
    • alpha-ketoester
    • glyoxilic acid
    • a-Ketoacetate
    • alpha-ketoesters
    • alpha-keto ester
    • alpha-keto-ester
    • alpha-Ketoacetate
    • (oxo)acetic acid
    • a-Ketoacetic acid
    • Acetic acid, oxo
    • Formic acid, formyl
    • OHCCO2H
    • Glyoxylic acid (8CI)
    • Glyoxylic acid anhydrous
    • Allantoin EP Impurity A
    • WLN: VHVQ
    • Glyoxalic acid (Standard)
    • EC 206-058-5
    • SCHEMBL5471
    • GLYOXYLIC ACID [MI]
    • Acetic acid, oxo- (9CI)
    • SCHEMBL15868
    • GLYOXALATE; GLYOXYLATE
    • 4-03-00-01489 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
    • GLYOXYLIC ACID [HSDB]
    • SCHEMBL130558
    • SCHEMBL596468
    • orb1706898
    • CHEMBL1162545
    • GLYOXYLIC ACID [WHO-DD]
    • BDBM19472
    • CHEBI:51848
    • Glyoxylic acid (50% in water)
    • STR06186
    • Glyoxylic acid, 50% w/w aq. soln
    • HY-79494R
    • STL168883
    • AKOS005367012
    • Glyoxylic acid(50% aqueous solution)
    • CS-W019807
    • DB04343
    • EBC-381063
    • FG01566
    • Glyoxylic acid - 50% aqueous solution
    • HY-79494
    • ALLANTOIN IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
    • 2-OXOACETIC ACID (50% IN WATER)
    • G0366
    • NS00003540
    • EN300-20485
    • C00048
    • D70821
    • F079022
    • Glyoxylic Acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 9mol/L)
    • Q413552
    • Glyoxylic acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 9mol/L)
    • F2191-0150
    • 0ADD8E81-5E77-4171-9241-E74AC05D4C8D
    • Glyoxylic Acid (ca. 50% in Water, ca. 9mol/L)(Discontinued,See C4X-25781)
    • 298-12-4

  • Applications

    Glyoxylic Acid (CAS 298-12-4) is a versatile building block in organic synthesis, used as a key intermediate for producing amino acids (notably glycine) and pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates. It also serves as a starting material in fragrance chemistry, enabling access to certain odorant fragments and fragrance components. In polymers, coatings, and inks, glyoxylic acid functions as a reactive aldehyde that enables functionalization and limited crosslinking of resins and formulations. Additionally, it is employed in the preparation of heterocyclic and other specialty chemicals via aldehyde-amino and condensation reactions. Subject to local regulations and formulation limits.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 195.54
    methanol 460.47
    isopropanol 106.95
    water 1069.55
    ethyl acetate 13.08
    n-propanol 105.56
    acetone 106.55
    n-butanol 61.84
    acetonitrile 61.24
    DMF 1211.56
    toluene 2.86
    isobutanol 54.59
    1,4-dioxane 56.89
    methyl acetate 33.76
    THF 61.98
    2-butanone 44.92
    n-pentanol 39.02
    sec-butanol 58.8
    n-hexane 1.86
    ethylene glycol 334.26
    NMP 337.34
    cyclohexane 2.97
    DMSO 778.2
    n-butyl acetate 8.23
    n-octanol 10.8
    chloroform 2.24
    n-propyl acetate 12.57
    acetic acid 133.64
    dichloromethane 6.24
    cyclohexanone 30.56
    propylene glycol 177.35
    isopropyl acetate 7.57
    DMAc 566.35
    2-ethoxyethanol 174.13
    isopentanol 36.82
    n-heptane 3.13
    ethyl formate 41.38
    1,2-dichloroethane 9.29
    n-hexanol 16.63
    2-methoxyethanol 340.63
    isobutyl acetate 4.47
    tetrachloromethane 1.06
    n-pentyl acetate 6.32
    transcutol 111.51
    n-heptanol 11.3
    ethylbenzene 2.27
    MIBK 12.38
    2-propoxyethanol 65.44
    tert-butanol 91.34
    MTBE 21.26
    2-butoxyethanol 37.7
    propionic acid 74.53
    o-xylene 5.55
    formic acid 408.85
    diethyl ether 21.27
    m-xylene 3.02
    p-xylene 2.84
    chlorobenzene 1.3
    dimethyl carbonate 33.57
    n-octane 1.18
    formamide 500.2
    cyclopentanone 43.34
    2-pentanone 26.44
    anisole 9.68
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 20.85
    gamma-butyrolactone 55.52
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 151.81
    pyridine 21.7
    3-pentanone 19.83
    furfural 62.83
    n-dodecane 0.86
    diethylene glycol 118.87
    diisopropyl ether 4.8
    tert-amyl alcohol 58.92
    acetylacetone 22.83
    n-hexadecane 0.88
    acetophenone 12.98
    methyl propionate 28.66
    isopentyl acetate 5.64
    trichloroethylene 6.27
    n-nonanol 9.49
    cyclohexanol 29.16
    benzyl alcohol 19.01
    2-ethylhexanol 7.69
    isooctanol 8.05
    dipropyl ether 13.07
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 1.47
    ethyl lactate 21.99
    propylene carbonate 17.5
    n-methylformamide 488.38
    2-pentanol 29.41
    n-pentane 3.63
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 37.94
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 13.28
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 36.95
    mesitylene 2.71
    ε-caprolactone 27.01
    p-cymene 2.9
    epichlorohydrin 38.55
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 1.9
    2-aminoethanol 324.57
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 256.36
    sulfolane 101.08
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1.56
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 29.28
    n-hexyl acetate 7.88
    isooctane 0.85
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 46.86
    sec-butyl acetate 5.18
    tert-butyl acetate 7.97
    decalin 1.14
    glycerin 272.84
    diglyme 95.55
    acrylic acid 95.45
    isopropyl myristate 3.53
    n-butyric acid 37.62
    acetyl acetate 5.98
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 6.06
    ethyl propionate 10.83
    nitromethane 201.97
    1,2-diethoxyethane 17.98
    benzonitrile 8.25
    trioctyl phosphate 4.8
    1-bromopropane 4.75
    gamma-valerolactone 95.05
    n-decanol 7.42
    triethyl phosphate 6.33
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 12.6
    propionitrile 32.05
    vinylene carbonate 20.53
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 51.25
    DMS 8.05
    cumene 2.27
    2-octanol 6.83
    2-hexanone 15.44
    octyl acetate 5.66
    limonene 4.63
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 154.48
    ethyl orthosilicate 6.09
    tributyl phosphate 5.02
    diacetone alcohol 31.55
    N,N-dimethylaniline 17.04
    acrylonitrile 54.39
    aniline 11.76
    1,3-propanediol 202.49
    bromobenzene 0.75
    dibromomethane 3.47
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 6.23
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 5.94
    tetrabutyl urea 14.03
    diisobutyl methanol 5.76
    2-phenylethanol 10.12
    styrene 2.34
    dioctyl adipate 6.64
    dimethyl sulfate 61.87
    ethyl butyrate 8.67
    methyl lactate 53.02
    butyl lactate 12.65
    diethyl carbonate 6.1
    propanediol butyl ether 42.36
    triethyl orthoformate 8.35
    p-tert-butyltoluene 2.88
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 14.01
    morpholine 110.11
    tert-butylamine 38.55
    n-dodecanol 5.91
    dimethoxymethane 164.38
    ethylene carbonate 15.94
    cyrene 47.97
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 10.38
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 4.35
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 2.15
    4-methylpyridine 22.0
    dibutyl ether 7.1
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 5.76
    DEF 95.36
    dimethyl isosorbide 32.65
    tetrachloroethylene 5.03
    eugenol 20.59
    triacetin 11.38
    span 80 24.22
    1,4-butanediol 115.42
    1,1-dichloroethane 3.79
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 22.36
    methyl formate 234.95
    2-methyl-1-butanol 39.18
    n-decane 1.24
    butyronitrile 24.55
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 7.49
    1-chlorooctane 2.17
    1-chlorotetradecane 1.22
    n-nonane 1.29
    undecane 1.0
    tert-butylcyclohexane 0.95
    cyclooctane 1.56
    cyclopentanol 39.8
    tetrahydropyran 24.97
    tert-amyl methyl ether 18.82
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 69.15
    1-hexene 4.19
    2-isopropoxyethanol 69.79
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 84.28
    methyl butyrate 19.47

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction