Gamma-Valerolactone

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    108-29-2

    Molecular formula
    C5H8O2

    SMILES
    CC1CCC(=O)O1

    Retention indicies (RI)

    • Carbowax: 1617.0

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Sweet 79.38%
    Coumarinic 74.78%
    Coconut 71.74%
    Herbal 68.6%
    Nutty 55.68%
    Tobacco 54.0%
    Hay 53.21%
    Woody 50.25%
    Creamy 50.09%
    Lactonic 48.29%

     

    Flavor
    Sweet 91.9%
    Herbal 75.37%
    Tobacco 63.39%
    Woody 49.81%
    Coconut 47.45%
    Tonka 46.13%
    Caramel 45.69%
    Coumarin 45.12%
    Warm 35.12%
    Minty 33.02%

     

    Odor impact est.
    Medium

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    0.6

    pKa est.
    8.02 (weak base)

    Molecular weight
    100.12 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Moderately fast

    Melting point expt.

    • -24 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • -31 °C

    Boiling point

    • 405 to 406 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)
    • 207.00 to 208.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

    Flash point

    • 55.98 ˚C est.
    • 178 °F (NTP, 1992)

    Solubility expt.

    • greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • miscible with alcohol, most fixed oils and water

  • Synonyms

    • gamma-Valerolactone
    • 108-29-2
    • 4-Pentanolide
    • 4-Valerolactone
    • 5-methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
    • 5-methyloxolan-2-one
    • 4-Hydroxypentanoic acid lactone
    • gamma-Pentalactone
    • 4-Hydroxyvaleric acid lactone
    • 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-methyl-
    • 4-Methyl-gamma-butyrolactone
    • Pentanolide-1,4
    • gamma-Valeryllactone
    • gamma-Methyl-gamma-butyrolactone
    • NSC 33700
    • .gamma.-Valerolactone
    • 4-Methyl-4-hydroxybutanoic acid lactone
    • DIHYDRO-5-METHYL-2(3H)-FURANONE
    • 5-Methyltetrahydro-2-furanone
    • FEMA No. 3103
    • gamma-Valerolakton
    • gamma-Pentanolactone
    • gamma-Valerolakton [Czech]
    • 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydr-5-methyl-
    • .gamma.-Methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone
    • CCRIS 3597
    • y-Valerolactone
    • Valeric acid, 4-hydroxy-, gamma-lactone
    • EINECS 203-569-5
    • MFCD00005400
    • BRN 0080420
    • .gamma.-Pentalactone
    • DTXSID0047618
    • CHEBI:48569
    • AI3-04327
    • Pentanoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, gamma-lactone
    • 5-Methyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone
    • O7056XK37X
    • Dihydro-5-methylfuran-2(3H)-one
    • NSC-33700
    • Dihydro-5-methyl-2-furanone
    • g-valerolactone
    • CHEMBL195593
    • Valeric acid, 4-hydroxy-, .gamma.-lactone
    • 4-Methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone
    • DTXCID8027618
    • Pentanoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, .gamma.-lactone
    • GAMMA-VALEROLACTONE [FCC]
    • (RS)-.GAMMA.-PENTALACTONE
    • 5-17-09-00024 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
    • .GAMMA.-VALEROLACTONE [FHFI]
    • (+/-)-.GAMMA.-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • 4-HYDROXYPENTANOIC ACID .GAMMA.-LACTONE
    • 4-methylbutyrolactone
    • 5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-one
    • 4Valerolactone
    • UNII-O7056XK37X
    • 4Pentanolide
    • gammaPentalactone
    • gammaValerolakton
    • ?-Valerolactone
    • Pentanolide1,4
    • gammaValeryllactone
    • gamma -Valerolactone
    • .gamma.-Valerolakton
    • .gamma.-Pentanolactone
    • gamma-methylbutyrolactone
    • 4Methylgammabutyrolactone
    • 4-Methyl-g-butyrolactone
    • 5Methyltetrahydro2furanone
    • gammaMethylgammabutyrolactone
    • 4Hydroxyvaleric acid lactone
    • 5-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • Dihydro5methyl2(3H)furanone
    • SCHEMBL37255
    • 57129-69-8
    • 4Hydroxypentanoic acid lactone
    • 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one
    • (RS)-GAMMA-PENTALACTONE
    • 2(3H)Furanone, dihydro5methyl
    • GTPL13648
    • Pentanoic acid, .gamma.-lactone
    • (+-)-GAMMA-PENTALACTONE
    • (+-)-GAMMA-VALEROLACTONE
    • (.+/-.)-4-Methylbutyrolactone
    • (.+/-.)-.gamma.-Valerolactone
    • NSC33700
    • (+-)-4-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • (.+-.)-GAMMA-PENTALACTONE
    • 4Methyl4hydroxybutanoic acid lactone
    • 5-Methyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone #
    • dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone,
    • Tox21_302624
    • (.+-.)-GAMMA-VALEROLACTONE
    • BBL011475
    • BDBM50168010
    • LMFA07040008
    • STL146587
    • Valeric acid, 4hydroxy, gammalactone
    • AKOS005206963
    • (+-)-GAMMA-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • CS-W016654
    • DS-4944
    • FV04206
    • HY-W015938
    • Pentanoic acid, 4hydroxy, gammalactone
    • TETRAHYDRO-5-METHYL-2-FURANONE
    • (.+-.)-4-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • gamma-Valerolactone, analytical standard
    • (+/-)-GAMMA-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • 4,5-Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
    • gamma-Valerolactone, >=99%, FCC, FG
    • gamma-Valerolactone, natural, 95%, FG
    • NCGC00256671-01
    • (.+-.)-GAMMA-METHYLBUTYROLACTONE
    • BP-31066
    • CAS-108-29-2
    • SY011304
    • 4-HYDROXYVALERIC ACID GAMMA-LACTONE
    • DB-003681
    • gamma-Valerolactone, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
    • 4-HYDROXYPENTANOIC ACID GAMMA-LACTONE
    • NS00013327
    • V0007
    • EN300-61318
    • P20539
    • Q845530
    • 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-methyl-, (.+/-.)-

  • Applications

    γ-Valerolactone (GVL, CAS 108-29-2) is a safe, sustainable bio-based solvent derived from cellulose, widely used as a green alternative to traditional solvents for herbal extraction and organic synthesis, in manufacturing biodegradable plastics, as a renewable fuel additive that boosts cetane number and lowers emissions, as a versatile platform chemical for producing pentenoic acid, adipic acid and other polymer precursors, as a flavour and fragrance ingredient with a mild caramel note, as a carrier in cosmetics and perfumes, as an efficient solvent for redox-flow batteries and lithium-ion electrolytes, as a diluent in 3-D printing inks, and as an intermediate for analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs and biopesticides, while being valued for its low toxicity, high boiling point and rapid biodegradability.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 549.73
    methanol 842.72
    isopropanol 411.13
    water 90.17
    ethyl acetate 197.35
    n-propanol 333.74
    acetone 489.93
    n-butanol 260.76
    acetonitrile 450.49
    DMF 692.62
    toluene 52.47
    isobutanol 233.7
    1,4-dioxane 442.85
    methyl acetate 260.31
    THF 401.6
    2-butanone 248.51
    n-pentanol 181.05
    sec-butanol 290.75
    n-hexane 8.12
    ethylene glycol 273.44
    NMP 538.26
    cyclohexane 8.38
    DMSO 550.35
    n-butyl acetate 67.65
    n-octanol 93.53
    chloroform 824.69
    n-propyl acetate 80.17
    acetic acid 1202.17
    dichloromethane 585.49
    cyclohexanone 244.86
    propylene glycol 354.09
    isopropyl acetate 102.6
    DMAc 516.62
    2-ethoxyethanol 306.37
    isopentanol 192.22
    n-heptane 4.87
    ethyl formate 154.21
    1,2-dichloroethane 209.72
    n-hexanol 117.56
    2-methoxyethanol 588.14
    isobutyl acetate 52.45
    tetrachloromethane 57.93
    n-pentyl acetate 72.41
    transcutol 836.01
    n-heptanol 68.53
    ethylbenzene 35.81
    MIBK 97.58
    2-propoxyethanol 242.93
    tert-butanol 351.56
    MTBE 143.86
    2-butoxyethanol 152.53
    propionic acid 463.22
    o-xylene 50.32
    formic acid 613.51
    diethyl ether 127.98
    m-xylene 50.09
    p-xylene 59.24
    chlorobenzene 138.61
    dimethyl carbonate 100.04
    n-octane 3.3
    formamide 649.3
    cyclopentanone 358.02
    2-pentanone 161.54
    anisole 135.32
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 131.15
    gamma-butyrolactone 476.48
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 421.58
    pyridine 300.91
    3-pentanone 109.93
    furfural 490.23
    n-dodecane 4.76
    diethylene glycol 290.89
    diisopropyl ether 33.07
    tert-amyl alcohol 268.14
    acetylacetone 234.61
    n-hexadecane 5.15
    acetophenone 130.17
    methyl propionate 170.72
    isopentyl acetate 69.57
    trichloroethylene 553.1
    n-nonanol 77.9
    cyclohexanol 166.85
    benzyl alcohol 157.14
    2-ethylhexanol 53.79
    isooctanol 53.1
    dipropyl ether 36.77
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 127.91
    ethyl lactate 84.31
    propylene carbonate 232.27
    n-methylformamide 459.67
    2-pentanol 158.13
    n-pentane 8.38
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 142.52
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 110.35
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 183.47
    mesitylene 29.72
    ε-caprolactone 228.11
    p-cymene 23.72
    epichlorohydrin 404.94
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 218.22
    2-aminoethanol 437.34
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 495.4
    sulfolane 458.56
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 8.62
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 274.19
    n-hexyl acetate 135.23
    isooctane 5.75
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 254.82
    sec-butyl acetate 60.47
    tert-butyl acetate 110.45
    decalin 8.92
    glycerin 431.83
    diglyme 343.79
    acrylic acid 512.3
    isopropyl myristate 47.34
    n-butyric acid 356.48
    acetyl acetate 162.22
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 63.67
    ethyl propionate 79.72
    nitromethane 1066.55
    1,2-diethoxyethane 125.77
    benzonitrile 184.17
    trioctyl phosphate 41.64
    1-bromopropane 104.84
    gamma-valerolactone 480.28
    n-decanol 54.51
    triethyl phosphate 40.26
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 83.33
    propionitrile 211.31
    vinylene carbonate 243.76
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 404.44
    DMS 116.56
    cumene 30.94
    2-octanol 52.83
    2-hexanone 94.33
    octyl acetate 66.6
    limonene 32.32
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 298.01
    ethyl orthosilicate 37.24
    tributyl phosphate 52.23
    diacetone alcohol 193.09
    N,N-dimethylaniline 90.67
    acrylonitrile 329.89
    aniline 158.15
    1,3-propanediol 415.27
    bromobenzene 117.84
    dibromomethane 305.6
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 405.54
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 60.81
    tetrabutyl urea 63.92
    diisobutyl methanol 32.97
    2-phenylethanol 104.87
    styrene 49.71
    dioctyl adipate 78.05
    dimethyl sulfate 177.45
    ethyl butyrate 55.55
    methyl lactate 169.75
    butyl lactate 85.44
    diethyl carbonate 47.34
    propanediol butyl ether 225.87
    triethyl orthoformate 44.18
    p-tert-butyltoluene 23.58
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 125.02
    morpholine 444.88
    tert-butylamine 167.91
    n-dodecanol 38.85
    dimethoxymethane 239.94
    ethylene carbonate 160.03
    cyrene 163.6
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 120.4
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 49.83
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 174.11
    4-methylpyridine 268.02
    dibutyl ether 55.92
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 32.97
    DEF 193.28
    dimethyl isosorbide 211.82
    tetrachloroethylene 243.84
    eugenol 138.05
    triacetin 159.47
    span 80 162.6
    1,4-butanediol 187.72
    1,1-dichloroethane 304.29
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 148.32
    methyl formate 289.6
    2-methyl-1-butanol 197.02
    n-decane 7.05
    butyronitrile 186.07
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 79.02
    1-chlorooctane 34.85
    1-chlorotetradecane 14.78
    n-nonane 6.29
    undecane 5.63
    tert-butylcyclohexane 9.58
    cyclooctane 2.99
    cyclopentanol 246.73
    tetrahydropyran 219.47
    tert-amyl methyl ether 103.29
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 272.34
    1-hexene 37.7
    2-isopropoxyethanol 183.56
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 369.86
    methyl butyrate 107.18

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction

Botanical

Name CAS Botanical Proportion
Carob bean powder 2a raw 9000-40-2 Ceratonia siliqua L., fam. Leguminoseae 0.01%
Carob bean powder 2b roasted 9000-40-2 Ceratonia siliqua L., fam. Leguminoseae 0.01%
Pineapple pulp Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., fam. Bromeliaceae 0.29%