Phenobarbital

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    50-06-6

    Molecular formula
    C12H12N2O3

    SMILES
    CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2

    Safety labels

    Acute Toxic
    Acute Toxic

    Irritant
    Irritant

    Health Hazard
    Health

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Odorless 37.31%
    Spicy 31.33%
    Sweet 27.97%
    Fruity 25.4%
    Burnt 24.31%
    Bitter 24.0%
    Nutty 22.38%
    Mint 21.1%
    Herbal 20.3%
    Caramellic 19.43%

     

    Flavor
    Bitter 77.07%
    Odorless 23.75%
    Cedarleaf 20.09%
    Lovage 19.98%
    Nitrile 19.82%
    Broom 18.9%
    Basil 18.75%
    Genet 18.68%
    Heather 18.68%
    Sweet-like 18.52%

     

    Odor impact est.
    Odorless

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    1.5

    pKa est.
    7.44 (neutral)

    Molecular weight
    232.23 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Ultra slow

    Boiling point est.
    419°C

    Melting point expt.

    • 345 to 352 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 174 °C

    Flash point

    • 184.9 ˚C est.
    • 345 °F (NTP, 1992)

    Solubility expt.

    • >34.8 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)
    • less than 0.1 mg/mL at 57 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 1110 mg/L (at 25 °C)
    • 1 g soluble in: about 1 L water ; 8 mL alcohol; 40 mL chloroform; 12 mL ether; about 700 mL benzene. Solluble in alkali hydroxides and carbonates.
    • LOW LIPID SOLUBILITY
    • Insoluble in benzene; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether; slightly soluble in dimehtyl sulfoxide
    • Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, alkali hydroxides, alkali carbonate solutions
    • In water, 1.11X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C.
    • 2.76e-01 g/L

  • Synonyms

    • phenobarbital
    • Phenobarbitone
    • Phenobarbitol
    • Luminal
    • 50-06-6
    • Phenylethylbarbiturate
    • Fenobarbital
    • Phenobarbituric acid
    • Phenylethylmalonylurea
    • Phenemal
    • Adonal
    • Nunol
    • Phenylethylbarbituric acid
    • Dormiral
    • Gardenal
    • Gardepanyl
    • Neurobarb
    • Phenaemal
    • Amylofene
    • Aphenylbarbit
    • Aphenyletten
    • Barbiphenyl
    • Barbophen
    • Bialminal
    • Calmetten
    • Codibarbita
    • Coronaletta
    • Dezibarbitur
    • Fenylettae
    • Glysoletten
    • Hennoletten
    • Hypnaletten
    • Hypnolone
    • Hypnoltol
    • Lepinaletten
    • Lumesettes
    • Lumofridetten
    • Pharmetten
    • Phenemalum
    • Phenobarbyl
    • Phenoluric
    • Phenolurio
    • Phenoturic
    • Phenyletten
    • Polcominal
    • Promptonal
    • Sedizorin
    • Sedonettes
    • Somnolens
    • Somnoletten
    • Spasepilin
    • Starilettae
    • Versomnal
    • Aephenal
    • Agrypnal
    • Barbenyl
    • Barbipil
    • Barbita
    • Barbivis
    • Barbonal
    • Bardorm
    • Cabronal
    • Calminal
    • Cardenal
    • Chinoin
    • Cratecil
    • Doscalun
    • Duneryl
    • Ensobarb
    • Ensodorm
    • Epidorm
    • Episedal
    • Epsylone
    • Eskabarb
    • Etilfen
    • Euneryl
    • Fenbital
    • Fenemal
    • Fenosed
    • Haplopan
    • Henotal
    • Hypnette
    • Hypnogen
    • Hysteps
    • Lepinal
    • Linasen
    • Liquital
    • Lixophen
    • Lubergal
    • Lubrokal
    • Lumesyn
    • Luphenil
    • Luramin
    • Molinal
    • Nirvonal
    • Parkotal
    • Phenobal
    • Phenomet
    • Phenonyl
    • Phenyral
    • Sedabar
    • Sedicat
    • Sedofen
    • Sedonal
    • Sedophen
    • Sevenal
    • Solfoton
    • Sombutol
    • Somnosan
    • Somonal
    • Starifen
    • Teolaxin
    • Bartol
    • Epanal
    • Epilol
    • Haplos
    • Leonal
    • Lumen
    • Noptil
    • Sedlyn
    • Seda-Tablinen
    • Blu-phen
    • Nova-Pheno
    • Solu-Barb
    • Hypno-Tablinetten
    • Phen-Bar
    • Stental Extentabs
    • Phenobarb

  • Applications

    In the pharmaceutical industry, phenobarbital is used as a sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant in prescription medications. In analytical chemistry and toxicology, it serves as a reference standard and calibrant for methods detecting barbiturates in biological samples (for example HPLC or GC methods). In research and development, it is employed as a benchmark compound in barbiturate pharmacology studies and in analytical method development. Handling and use are subject to drug-control regulations in manufacturing and laboratory settings.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 5.81
    methanol 10.36
    isopropanol 3.77
    water 0.04
    ethyl acetate 10.66
    n-propanol 5.13
    acetone 21.54
    n-butanol 5.18
    acetonitrile 8.31
    DMF 127.58
    toluene 3.07
    isobutanol 3.66
    1,4-dioxane 20.82
    methyl acetate 14.24
    THF 88.84
    2-butanone 21.11
    n-pentanol 4.38
    sec-butanol 3.71
    n-hexane 0.11
    ethylene glycol 4.33
    NMP 166.61
    cyclohexane 0.1
    DMSO 232.36
    n-butyl acetate 9.87
    n-octanol 1.79
    chloroform 17.54
    n-propyl acetate 7.75
    acetic acid 11.91
    dichloromethane 21.25
    cyclohexanone 44.1
    propylene glycol 5.66
    isopropyl acetate 7.02
    DMAc 114.44
    2-ethoxyethanol 13.23
    isopentanol 5.22
    n-heptane 0.09
    ethyl formate 10.03
    1,2-dichloroethane 17.01
    n-hexanol 4.7
    2-methoxyethanol 35.95
    isobutyl acetate 4.55
    tetrachloromethane 1.42
    n-pentyl acetate 6.21
    transcutol 11.04
    n-heptanol 2.88
    ethylbenzene 2.13
    MIBK 10.4
    2-propoxyethanol 23.97
    tert-butanol 5.82
    MTBE 2.55
    2-butoxyethanol 10.44
    propionic acid 10.72
    o-xylene 2.57
    formic acid 10.64
    diethyl ether 2.82
    m-xylene 2.8
    p-xylene 2.92
    chlorobenzene 7.42
    dimethyl carbonate 17.48
    n-octane 0.05
    formamide 25.35
    cyclopentanone 87.35
    2-pentanone 17.19
    anisole 8.43
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 13.5
    gamma-butyrolactone 94.25
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 25.64
    pyridine 23.44
    3-pentanone 12.4
    furfural 63.43
    n-dodecane 0.08
    diethylene glycol 23.48
    diisopropyl ether 0.81
    tert-amyl alcohol 5.12
    acetylacetone 27.87
    n-hexadecane 0.1
    acetophenone 13.65
    methyl propionate 18.64
    isopentyl acetate 9.62
    trichloroethylene 37.99
    n-nonanol 2.02
    cyclohexanol 5.52
    benzyl alcohol 9.53
    2-ethylhexanol 3.28
    isooctanol 2.56
    dipropyl ether 2.57
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 8.6
    ethyl lactate 9.77
    propylene carbonate 32.95
    n-methylformamide 39.44
    2-pentanol 2.64
    n-pentane 0.06
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 13.61
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 19.81
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 13.19
    mesitylene 1.72
    ε-caprolactone 33.18
    p-cymene 2.33
    epichlorohydrin 87.01
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 8.8
    2-aminoethanol 7.71
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 71.7
    sulfolane 161.02
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 0.1
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 24.79
    n-hexyl acetate 6.81
    isooctane 0.09
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 10.76
    sec-butyl acetate 5.27
    tert-butyl acetate 9.5
    decalin 0.23
    glycerin 16.26
    diglyme 21.83
    acrylic acid 14.76
    isopropyl myristate 3.24
    n-butyric acid 12.96
    acetyl acetate 8.2
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 7.53
    ethyl propionate 9.37
    nitromethane 42.42
    1,2-diethoxyethane 4.35
    benzonitrile 12.69
    trioctyl phosphate 4.48
    1-bromopropane 4.43
    gamma-valerolactone 91.79
    n-decanol 1.61
    triethyl phosphate 7.69
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 2.53
    propionitrile 8.57
    vinylene carbonate 27.0
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.23
    DMS 14.09
    cumene 1.81
    2-octanol 1.71
    2-hexanone 11.62
    octyl acetate 4.63
    limonene 2.83
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 27.05
    ethyl orthosilicate 5.93
    tributyl phosphate 5.08
    diacetone alcohol 22.65
    N,N-dimethylaniline 7.0
    acrylonitrile 17.9
    aniline 8.41
    1,3-propanediol 11.44
    bromobenzene 6.17
    dibromomethane 10.49
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 28.86
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 10.23
    tetrabutyl urea 8.91
    diisobutyl methanol 2.21
    2-phenylethanol 11.69
    styrene 2.22
    dioctyl adipate 6.82
    dimethyl sulfate 50.3
    ethyl butyrate 8.38
    methyl lactate 21.52
    butyl lactate 7.62
    diethyl carbonate 6.91
    propanediol butyl ether 7.12
    triethyl orthoformate 6.59
    p-tert-butyltoluene 2.13
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 16.09
    morpholine 29.07
    tert-butylamine 1.84
    n-dodecanol 1.24
    dimethoxymethane 41.61
    ethylene carbonate 20.59
    cyrene 28.74
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 9.89
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 7.4
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 13.27
    4-methylpyridine 22.54
    dibutyl ether 1.55
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 2.21
    DEF 25.79
    dimethyl isosorbide 32.65
    tetrachloroethylene 12.55
    eugenol 16.87
    triacetin 10.57
    span 80 10.52
    1,4-butanediol 4.34
    1,1-dichloroethane 8.97
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 4.96
    methyl formate 28.58
    2-methyl-1-butanol 4.65
    n-decane 0.11
    butyronitrile 8.15
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 2.33
    1-chlorooctane 0.98
    1-chlorotetradecane 0.49
    n-nonane 0.08
    undecane 0.09
    tert-butylcyclohexane 0.21
    cyclooctane 0.05
    cyclopentanol 11.02
    tetrahydropyran 12.21
    tert-amyl methyl ether 3.5
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 18.49
    1-hexene 0.85
    2-isopropoxyethanol 8.81
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 8.48
    methyl butyrate 13.24

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction