Nitric Acid

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    7697-37-2

    Molecular formula
    HNO3

    SMILES
    [N+](=O)(O)[O-]

    Safety labels

    Oxidizer
    Oxidizer

    Corrosive
    Corrosive

    Acute Toxic
    Acute Toxic

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Odorless 77.81%
    Sour 40.67%
    Sharp 28.05%
    Pungent 20.14%
    Clean 17.27%
    Cheesy 16.18%
    Burnt 15.88%
    Milky 15.13%
    Ethereal 14.75%
    Sweaty 14.51%

     

    Flavor
    Odorless 74.93%
    Sour 39.71%
    Vinegar 26.21%
    Bland 22.79%
    Formyl 22.77%
    Mild 22.55%
    Acidic 21.99%
    Yeast 21.22%
    Mousy 20.99%
    Pungent 20.9%

     

    Odor impact est.
    High

    Odor threshold

    • Odor Threshold Low: 0.27 [mmHg]. Odor threshold from AIHA
    • Odor low: 0.75 mg/cu m; Odor high: 2.50 mg/cu m; Irritating concn: 155.0 mg/cu m.

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    0.2

    pKa est.
    8.39 (weak base)

    Molecular weight
    63.013 g/mol

    Melting point expt.

    • -44 °F (NIOSH, 2024)
    • -41.6 °C
    • The freezing point curve for aqueous solutions of nitric acid has two maxima corresponding to melting points for the two hydrates of nitric acid: the monohydrate (77.77 wt% acid) at -37.62 °C and the trihydrate (58.83 wt% acid) at -18.47 °C. Local minima occur at 32, 71, and 91 wt % acid.
    • -44 °F

    Boiling point

    • 181 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)
    • 83 °C
    • 121 °C
    • 181 °F

    Flash point

    • 116.78 ˚C est.

    Solubility expt.

    • Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)
    • Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)
    • Very soluble in water
    • Miscible with water
    • Solubility in water at 20 °C: miscible
    • Miscible

  • Synonyms

    • NITRIC ACID
    • 7697-37-2
    • Azotic acid
    • Salpetersaeure
    • Aqua fortis
    • Hydrogen nitrate
    • Red fuming nitric acid
    • Nital
    • Acide nitrique
    • Acidum nitricum
    • Nitricum acidum
    • Nitrous fumes
    • Nitryl hydroxide
    • HNO3
    • Salpetersaure
    • RFNA
    • Acido nitrico
    • Azotowy kwas
    • Kyselina dusicne
    • Salpeterzuuroplossingen
    • Nitric acid, anhydrous
    • acide azotique
    • HONO2
    • HSDB 1665
    • Medullipin II
    • trioxonitric acid
    • Nitric acid (red fuming)
    • EINECS 231-714-2
    • UNII-411VRN1TV4
    • MFCD00011349
    • Nitric acid [NF]
    • 411VRN1TV4
    • CHEBI:48107
    • hydroxidodioxidonitrogen
    • 12033-49-7
    • 78989-43-2
    • NITRIC ACID 65%
    • CHEMBL1352
    • NITRIC ACID (15N)
    • DTXSID5029685
    • EC 231-714-2
    • Nitric acid (NF)
    • 4,4-Dioctyl-cyclopenta[2,1-b :3,4-b' ]dithiophene
    • Nitric Acid (65%)
    • Nitric Acid (70%)
    • Engraver's acid
    • NITRIC ACID (II)
    • NITRIC ACID [II]
    • NITRIC ACID (MART.)
    • NITRIC ACID [MART.]
    • 122392-03-4
    • 309963-65-3
    • (NO2(OH))
    • [NO2(OH)]
    • Azotowy kwas [Polish]
    • Nitric acid, ACS reagent, 70%
    • Salpetersaure [German]
    • Nitrate radical
    • NITRIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH)
    • NITRIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
    • Engravers acid
    • Acide nitrique [French]
    • Acido nitrico [Italian]
    • Acido nitrico [Spanish]
    • Kyselina dusicne [Czech]
    • Nitric acid, ACS reagent, >=90.0%
    • Salpeterzuuroplossingen [Dutch]
    • Nitric acid (conc 80% or greater)
    • UN2031
    • UN2032
    • nitroalcohol
    • nitro-alcohol
    • Nitric acid (70% or less)
    • Nitro Alcohol
    • nitric -acid
    • Nitric acid (greater than 70%)
    • Nitric Acid Blank
    • NO3 anion
    • Nitric acid, ACS
    • Nitric acid, 1 M
    • Nitric acid, 65%
    • Nitric acid, 68%
    • Nitricum acidum 30C
    • Nitricum acidum 200C
    • Nitric acid (38%)
    • Nitric acid (67%)
    • Nitric acid, red fuming
    • Nitric acid, 0.1 M
    • NITRIC ACID [MI]
    • hydrogen trioxonitrate(1-)
    • Nitric acid, 65-70%
    • NITRIC ACID, FUMING
    • NITRIC ACID [HSDB]
    • WLN: PR N-O3X3
    • Nitric acid, p.a., 65%
    • NITRIC ACID [WHO-DD]
    • Nitric acid (HNO3) 94.5% by weight or more HNO3
    • NITRICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
    • DTXCID509685
    • Nitric acid, 90% ACS Grade
    • Nitric acid, fuming, 99.5%
    • Nitric acid, AR, 69-72%
    • Nitric acid, gallium salt ( )
    • Nitric acid, LR, 69-72%
    • DTXSID201316935
    • Nitric acid, puriss., 64-66%
    • Nitric acid, reagent grade, >90%
    • BDBM50152970
    • AKOS015833449
    • Nitric acid, technical grade, 50.0%
    • Nitric acid other than red fuming with >70% nitric acid [UN2031] [Corrosive]
    • Nitric acid, extra pure, 69.0-71.0%
    • Nitric acid, red, fuming, HNO3 >90 %
    • Nitric acid, reagent grade, fuming, >90%
    • Nitrogen hydroxideoxide (N(OH)2O) (9CI)
    • N0806
    • Nitric acid, puriss. p.a., >=65% (T)
    • NS00010065
    • C00244
    • D02313
    • Q83320
    • Nitric acid, 70%, purified by double-distillation
    • Nitric acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 68.0-70.0%
    • Nitric acid, red fuming [UN2032] [Corrosive]
    • Q27110015
    • Nitric acid other than red fuming with >70% nitric acid
    • 2,3,9,10,16,17-Hexachlorinated boron subphthalocyanine
    • Nitric acid, SAJ first grade, 69-70%, density: 1.42

  • Applications

    Nitric Acid (CAS 7697-37-2) is a strong oxidizing reagent widely used in industry: for fertilizer production (ammonium nitrate); as a nitrating agent in organic synthesis, enabling formation of nitro compounds for dyes, pharmaceutical intermediates, and energetic materials; for metal surface treatment, including pickling and passivation of stainless steel and copper; for cleaning, etching, and surface preparation in electronics and PCB manufacturing; and as an oxidant in pigment and dye production and other chemical processing.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 54.0
    methanol 112.32
    isopropanol 37.19
    water 242.01
    ethyl acetate 10.75
    n-propanol 34.26
    acetone 44.29
    n-butanol 23.02
    acetonitrile 21.76
    DMF 513.62
    toluene 3.84
    isobutanol 22.69
    1,4-dioxane 66.8
    methyl acetate 21.99
    THF 60.23
    2-butanone 21.46
    n-pentanol 15.56
    sec-butanol 22.28
    n-hexane 1.76
    ethylene glycol 91.83
    NMP 177.99
    cyclohexane 1.66
    DMSO 266.94
    n-butyl acetate 7.66
    n-octanol 8.04
    chloroform 2.23
    n-propyl acetate 10.28
    acetic acid 45.86
    dichloromethane 5.63
    cyclohexanone 19.52
    propylene glycol 61.25
    isopropyl acetate 7.37
    DMAc 274.81
    2-ethoxyethanol 76.35
    isopentanol 18.03
    n-heptane 1.49
    ethyl formate 30.91
    1,2-dichloroethane 7.24
    n-hexanol 8.31
    2-methoxyethanol 155.41
    isobutyl acetate 5.6
    tetrachloromethane 0.94
    n-pentyl acetate 7.21
    transcutol 62.98
    n-heptanol 7.74
    ethylbenzene 2.44
    MIBK 9.73
    2-propoxyethanol 45.82
    tert-butanol 37.87
    MTBE 15.62
    2-butoxyethanol 31.34
    propionic acid 28.56
    o-xylene 5.08
    formic acid 118.37
    diethyl ether 14.7
    m-xylene 3.66
    p-xylene 3.05
    chlorobenzene 1.89
    dimethyl carbonate 32.47
    n-octane 0.71
    formamide 149.17
    cyclopentanone 29.93
    2-pentanone 14.21
    anisole 12.72
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 18.77
    gamma-butyrolactone 44.82
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 85.49
    pyridine 19.01
    3-pentanone 12.63
    furfural 61.39
    n-dodecane 0.69
    diethylene glycol 70.49
    diisopropyl ether 3.88
    tert-amyl alcohol 24.68
    acetylacetone 17.05
    n-hexadecane 0.73
    acetophenone 12.46
    methyl propionate 21.02
    isopentyl acetate 6.22
    trichloroethylene 5.25
    n-nonanol 7.64
    cyclohexanol 13.37
    benzyl alcohol 14.25
    2-ethylhexanol 5.13
    isooctanol 6.2
    dipropyl ether 9.49
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 2.11
    ethyl lactate 19.43
    propylene carbonate 22.0
    n-methylformamide 169.46
    2-pentanol 12.25
    n-pentane 2.03
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 27.36
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 14.84
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 35.93
    mesitylene 3.02
    ε-caprolactone 21.09
    p-cymene 2.36
    epichlorohydrin 34.44
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 2.03
    2-aminoethanol 90.8
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 187.85
    sulfolane 66.9
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 0.99
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 23.29
    n-hexyl acetate 8.38
    isooctane 0.73
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 37.9
    sec-butyl acetate 5.46
    tert-butyl acetate 8.47
    decalin 0.94
    glycerin 112.22
    diglyme 73.26
    acrylic acid 38.56
    isopropyl myristate 4.5
    n-butyric acid 19.0
    acetyl acetate 6.62
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 8.18
    ethyl propionate 11.2
    nitromethane 84.85
    1,2-diethoxyethane 15.33
    benzonitrile 8.51
    trioctyl phosphate 5.88
    1-bromopropane 3.69
    gamma-valerolactone 80.65
    n-decanol 6.39
    triethyl phosphate 7.29
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 7.65
    propionitrile 15.12
    vinylene carbonate 24.66
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 41.46
    DMS 11.88
    cumene 2.4
    2-octanol 5.25
    2-hexanone 10.31
    octyl acetate 6.54
    limonene 3.06
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 127.14
    ethyl orthosilicate 6.91
    tributyl phosphate 6.64
    diacetone alcohol 22.0
    N,N-dimethylaniline 15.93
    acrylonitrile 24.56
    aniline 10.96
    1,3-propanediol 74.15
    bromobenzene 1.1
    dibromomethane 3.14
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 5.63
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 6.21
    tetrabutyl urea 13.71
    diisobutyl methanol 4.23
    2-phenylethanol 8.58
    styrene 2.62
    dioctyl adipate 8.34
    dimethyl sulfate 57.88
    ethyl butyrate 8.38
    methyl lactate 41.02
    butyl lactate 13.87
    diethyl carbonate 7.17
    propanediol butyl ether 34.02
    triethyl orthoformate 9.01
    p-tert-butyltoluene 2.42
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 17.35
    morpholine 79.9
    tert-butylamine 17.47
    n-dodecanol 5.28
    dimethoxymethane 126.55
    ethylene carbonate 19.94
    cyrene 37.89
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 12.66
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 4.71
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 2.81
    4-methylpyridine 20.11
    dibutyl ether 6.11
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 4.23
    DEF 49.45
    dimethyl isosorbide 36.04
    tetrachloroethylene 4.1
    eugenol 24.54
    triacetin 13.46
    span 80 22.07
    1,4-butanediol 37.97
    1,1-dichloroethane 3.43
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 11.95
    methyl formate 121.84
    2-methyl-1-butanol 18.0
    n-decane 0.92
    butyronitrile 13.67
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 6.06
    1-chlorooctane 1.96
    1-chlorotetradecane 1.27
    n-nonane 0.89
    undecane 0.78
    tert-butylcyclohexane 0.88
    cyclooctane 0.92
    cyclopentanol 20.73
    tetrahydropyran 20.93
    tert-amyl methyl ether 13.24
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 56.55
    1-hexene 3.35
    2-isopropoxyethanol 37.65
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 41.88
    methyl butyrate 17.02

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction