Maleic Acid

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  • Identifiers

    CAS number
    110-16-7

    Molecular formula
    C4H4O4

    SMILES
    C(=C\C(=O)O)\C(=O)O

    Safety labels

    Irritant
    Irritant

  • Odor profile

    Fragrance
    Sour 63.63%
    Odorless 50.56%
    Winey 43.74%
    Caramellic 43.38%
    Sharp 40.65%
    Burnt 40.48%
    Pungent 27.69%
    Buttery 26.22%
    Clean 26.13%
    Nutty 26.04%

     

    Flavor
    Odorless 67.05%
    Sour 47.69%
    Nutty 34.33%
    Very mild 32.43%
    Caramellic 29.05%
    Musty 23.89%
    Vinegar 22.95%
    Acidic 22.66%
    Yeast 22.09%
    Mild 22.0%

     

    Odor impact est.
    Low

  • Properties

    XLogP3-AA
    -0.3

    pKa est.
    6.82 (neutral)

    Molecular weight
    116.07 g/mol

    Vapor pressure est.

    • hPa @ 20°C
    • hPa @ 25°C

    Evaporation rate
    Ultra slow

    Melting point expt.

    • 266 to 268 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 130.5 °C
    • 132.5 °C (OECD Guideline 102 (Melting point / Melting Range))
    • Converted in part into the much higher-melting fumaric acid (MP: 287 °C) when heated to a temp slightly above the MP.
    • 131 °C

    Boiling point

    • 275 °F at 760 mmHg (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

    Flash point

    • 176.96 ˚C est.
    • 127 °C

    Solubility expt.

    • greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)
    • 441000 mg/L (at 25 °C)
    • In water, 788 g/L at 25 °C, 3926 g/L at 97.5 °C
    • 79.000 lb/100 lb water at 77 °F
    • In water, 441,000 mg/L at 25 °C
    • Freely soluble in alcohol; soluble in acetone, glacial acetic acid; slightly soluble in ether; practically insoluble in benzene
    • For more Solubility (Complete) data for MALEIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
    • 441 mg/mL at 25 °C
    • Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 78 (soluble)

  • Synonyms

    • maleic acid
    • 110-16-7
    • cis-butenedioic acid
    • Toxilic acid
    • Maleinic acid
    • Malenic acid
    • (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid
    • (Z)-Butenedioic acid
    • 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-
    • maleate
    • 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-
    • cis-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
    • Kyselina maleinova
    • (Z)-2-Butenedioic acid
    • Butenedioic acid, (Z)-
    • 2-Butenedioic acid, (Z)-
    • (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid
    • 2-Butenedioic acid
    • cis-2-Butenedioic acid
    • 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (Z)
    • H2male
    • CCRIS 1115
    • HSDB 666
    • cis-but-2-enedioic acid
    • Malezid CM
    • AI3-01002
    • (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid
    • EINECS 203-742-5
    • MFCD00063177
    • NSC 25940
    • UNII-91XW058U2C
    • BRN 0605762
    • Scotchbond Multipurpose Etchant
    • DTXSID8021517
    • CHEBI:18300
    • 91XW058U2C
    • NSC-25940
    • DTXCID201517
    • EC 203-742-5
    • 4-02-00-02199 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
    • NSC25940
    • MALEIC ACID (II)
    • MALEIC ACID [II]
    • (Z)-2-Butenedioate
    • MALEIC ACID (MART.)
    • MALEIC ACID [MART.]
    • MAE
    • MALEIC ACID (USP-RS)
    • MALEIC ACID [USP-RS]
    • (2Z)-but-2-enedioate
    • MALEIC ACID (EP MONOGRAPH)
    • MALEIC ACID (USP IMPURITY)
    • MALEIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
    • MALEIC ACID [USP IMPURITY]
    • Polymaleic Acid (Aqueous Solution)
    • Kyselina maleinova [Czech]
    • CAS-110-16-7
    • Maleic acid [NF]
    • MALIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY)
    • MALIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
    • MALEICACID
    • NA2215
    • SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY)
    • SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
    • (2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid
    • maleic-acid
    • Cis-butenedioate
    • 2-Butenedioate
    • (z)-butenedioate
    • 1ahy
    • 1tok
    • NCGC00091192-02
    • cis-2-Butenedioate
    • bis-hydrogen maleate
    • Maleic acid [NA2215] [Corrosive]
    • cis-but-2-enedioate
    • Maleic acid, 99%
    • Maleic acid (8CI)
    • CIS-MALEIC ACID
    • (2Z)-2-Butenedioate
    • Butenedioic acid,(Z)-
    • Maleic Acid (Standard)
    • 10237-70-4
    • (2Z)-Butene-2-dioate
    • MALEIC ACID [MI]
    • SCHEMBL613
    • bmse000212
    • Maleic acid [NA2215]
    • WLN: QV1U1VQ-C
    • MALEIC ACID [HSDB]
    • MLS002153468
    • 2-butenedioic acid, (2Z)-
    • MALEIC ACID [WHO-DD]
    • (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid #
    • CHEMBL539648
    • GTPL9630
    • HY-Y0367R
    • HMS2236F09
    • Maleic acid, for synthesis, 99%
    • HY-Y0367
    • STR03481
    • Tox21_113105
    • Tox21_202193
    • Tox21_303045
    • 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis-
    • 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)- (9CI)
    • s3086
    • AKOS000268822
    • Tox21_113105_1
    • DB04299
    • FM29309
    • FP45020
    • Maleic acid [NA2215] [Corrosive]
    • Polymaleic acid, 48% aqueous solution
    • NCGC00090970-01
    • NCGC00090970-02
    • NCGC00090970-03
    • NCGC00257215-01
    • NCGC00259742-01
    • (Z)-BUT-2-ENE-1,4-DIOIC ACID
    • Maleic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur.
    • SMR001230824
    • (Z)-1,2-ETHYLENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID
    • CIS-ETHYLENE-1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID
    • DB-248216
    • CS-0015079
    • M0006
    • Maleic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%

  • Applications

    Maleic Acid (CAS 110-16-7) is primarily used as a chemical intermediate and building block in polymer and resin manufacture. It serves as a diacid co-monomer in unsaturated polyester resins used for coatings, paints, and fiber-reinforced composites, and it is a precursor to maleic anhydride and to a range of maleate esters that function as plasticizers and crosslinking agents in polymers. It is also used in alkyd and vinyl resin formulations to enhance crosslinking and thermal/chemical resistance, providing reactive sites for the synthesis of specialty polymers and copolymers for coatings and adhesives. In formulation work, maleic acid derivatives may be used as reactive diluents or plasticizers, depending on formulation limits and regulations.

    gpt-5-nano

  • Solubility @25˚C

    Solvent Solubility (g/L)
    ethanol 38.89
    methanol 83.35
    isopropanol 28.99
    water 70.4
    ethyl acetate 2.56
    n-propanol 24.14
    acetone 9.44
    n-butanol 18.96
    acetonitrile 7.94
    DMF 167.53
    toluene 1.35
    isobutanol 15.32
    1,4-dioxane 18.32
    methyl acetate 8.88
    THF 28.13
    2-butanone 8.63
    n-pentanol 13.68
    sec-butanol 19.2
    n-hexane 1.61
    ethylene glycol 48.89
    NMP 61.63
    cyclohexane 0.74
    DMSO 207.37
    n-butyl acetate 4.52
    n-octanol 9.23
    chloroform 5.21
    n-propyl acetate 4.01
    acetic acid 11.04
    dichloromethane 9.79
    cyclohexanone 7.14
    propylene glycol 28.09
    isopropyl acetate 2.08
    DMAc 123.75
    2-ethoxyethanol 38.43
    isopentanol 13.51
    n-heptane 1.38
    ethyl formate 17.44
    1,2-dichloroethane 8.29
    n-hexanol 10.01
    2-methoxyethanol 74.82
    isobutyl acetate 1.9
    tetrachloromethane 2.5
    n-pentyl acetate 4.24
    transcutol 22.3
    n-heptanol 9.07
    ethylbenzene 2.12
    MIBK 3.63
    2-propoxyethanol 26.08
    tert-butanol 29.51
    MTBE 10.14
    2-butoxyethanol 21.21
    propionic acid 9.69
    o-xylene 2.55
    formic acid 46.31
    diethyl ether 6.1
    m-xylene 1.4
    p-xylene 2.65
    chlorobenzene 1.21
    dimethyl carbonate 9.5
    n-octane 0.88
    formamide 62.93
    cyclopentanone 12.75
    2-pentanone 4.56
    anisole 7.79
    cyclopentyl methyl ether 7.49
    gamma-butyrolactone 17.55
    1-methoxy-2-propanol 35.65
    pyridine 8.03
    3-pentanone 3.95
    furfural 26.65
    n-dodecane 0.87
    diethylene glycol 39.29
    diisopropyl ether 1.64
    tert-amyl alcohol 22.04
    acetylacetone 4.57
    n-hexadecane 0.89
    acetophenone 6.75
    methyl propionate 5.9
    isopentyl acetate 3.98
    trichloroethylene 5.9
    n-nonanol 8.19
    cyclohexanol 7.91
    benzyl alcohol 9.16
    2-ethylhexanol 5.01
    isooctanol 6.41
    dipropyl ether 5.33
    1,2-dichlorobenzene 1.9
    ethyl lactate 8.25
    propylene carbonate 8.2
    n-methylformamide 68.19
    2-pentanol 8.89
    n-pentane 1.3
    1-propoxy-2-propanol 16.02
    1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate 5.52
    2-(2-methoxypropoxy) propanol 20.9
    mesitylene 1.39
    ε-caprolactone 8.24
    p-cymene 2.04
    epichlorohydrin 20.62
    1,1,1-trichloroethane 2.68
    2-aminoethanol 51.46
    morpholine-4-carbaldehyde 51.96
    sulfolane 38.44
    2,2,4-trimethylpentane 0.7
    2-methyltetrahydrofuran 12.49
    n-hexyl acetate 5.58
    isooctane 0.42
    2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol 20.66
    sec-butyl acetate 2.13
    tert-butyl acetate 3.3
    decalin 0.77
    glycerin 46.18
    diglyme 43.65
    acrylic acid 10.68
    isopropyl myristate 3.08
    n-butyric acid 7.3
    acetyl acetate 1.54
    di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 4.93
    ethyl propionate 4.0
    nitromethane 21.26
    1,2-diethoxyethane 7.33
    benzonitrile 4.72
    trioctyl phosphate 4.83
    1-bromopropane 4.82
    gamma-valerolactone 21.9
    n-decanol 6.48
    triethyl phosphate 5.7
    4-methyl-2-pentanol 4.84
    propionitrile 8.51
    vinylene carbonate 8.76
    1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 24.46
    DMS 4.38
    cumene 2.16
    2-octanol 5.98
    2-hexanone 5.48
    octyl acetate 4.49
    limonene 2.4
    1,2-dimethoxyethane 65.56
    ethyl orthosilicate 5.44
    tributyl phosphate 4.43
    diacetone alcohol 9.82
    N,N-dimethylaniline 11.53
    acrylonitrile 11.92
    aniline 4.72
    1,3-propanediol 40.21
    bromobenzene 0.9
    dibromomethane 5.68
    1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 7.66
    2-methyl-cyclohexyl acetate 4.11
    tetrabutyl urea 9.34
    diisobutyl methanol 3.71
    2-phenylethanol 7.18
    styrene 1.99
    dioctyl adipate 4.77
    dimethyl sulfate 27.52
    ethyl butyrate 3.82
    methyl lactate 14.41
    butyl lactate 7.53
    diethyl carbonate 4.06
    propanediol butyl ether 17.75
    triethyl orthoformate 5.06
    p-tert-butyltoluene 2.12
    methyl 4-tert-butylbenzoate 10.43
    morpholine 26.79
    tert-butylamine 17.36
    n-dodecanol 5.11
    dimethoxymethane 44.26
    ethylene carbonate 7.09
    cyrene 16.6
    2-ethoxyethyl acetate 4.72
    2-ethylhexyl acetate 3.06
    1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 2.23
    4-methylpyridine 9.09
    dibutyl ether 5.16
    2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol 3.71
    DEF 18.54
    dimethyl isosorbide 22.94
    tetrachloroethylene 6.03
    eugenol 15.43
    triacetin 4.95
    span 80 11.02
    1,4-butanediol 24.16
    1,1-dichloroethane 3.63
    2-methyl-1-pentanol 9.75
    methyl formate 48.59
    2-methyl-1-butanol 13.76
    n-decane 1.21
    butyronitrile 7.79
    3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol 5.75
    1-chlorooctane 3.1
    1-chlorotetradecane 1.59
    n-nonane 1.15
    undecane 1.01
    tert-butylcyclohexane 0.8
    cyclooctane 0.44
    cyclopentanol 13.74
    tetrahydropyran 7.9
    tert-amyl methyl ether 8.68
    2,5,8-trioxanonane 36.75
    1-hexene 3.36
    2-isopropoxyethanol 17.66
    2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 14.18
    methyl butyrate 7.26

    Scent© AI

1 4

IFRA standard 51

Recommendation
No restriction
Maximum acceptable concentrations in the finished product (%)
Category 1
Products applied to the lips
 No restriction Category 7A
Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 2
Products applied to the axillae
 No restriction Category 7B
Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
 No restriction
Category 3
Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
 No restriction Category 8
Products with significant anogenital exposure
 No restriction
Category 4
Products related to fine fragrance
 No restriction Category 9
Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
 No restriction
Category 5A
Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10A
Household care products with mostly hand contact
 No restriction
Category 5B
Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 10B
Household care products with mostly hand contact, including aerosol/spray products (with potential leave-on skin contact)
 No restriction
Category 5C
Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave on
 No restriction Category 11A
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 5D
Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
 No restriction Category 11B
Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
 No restriction
Category 6
Products with oral and lip exposure
 No restriction Category 12
Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
 No restriction